Tracy Matsue Loeffelholz
By Tracy Matsue Loeffelholz
Oil spills don't stand a chance against the cleansing power of mycelium.
Reposted with permission from our media associate YES! Magazine.
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Residents plant mangroves on the coast of West Aceh District in Indonesia on Feb. 21, 2020. Mangroves play a crucial role in stabilizing the coastline, providing protection from storms, waves and tidal erosion. Dekyon Eon / Opn Images / Barcroft Media via Getty Images
Mangroves play a vital role in capturing carbon from the atmosphere. Mangrove forests are tremendous assets in the fight to stem the climate crisis. They store more carbon than a rainforest of the same size.
<p>However, they are under threat from <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/sea-level-rise" target="_self">sea level rise</a>. A <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aba2656" target="_blank">new study</a> found that if emissions continue unabated, mangroves will not be able to keep up and could disappear in 30 years, as <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/4/21280580/sea-level-rise-mangroves-climate-change-2050" target="_blank">The Verge</a> reported.</p><p>The new study published in the journal <em><a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aba2656" target="_blank">Science</a></em> found that mangroves will start to die out if sea levels rise just six millimeters per year. However, mangroves are more likely to survive when sea level rise is less than 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inches) per year, which is projected for low-emissions scenarios this century, according to a Rutgers University <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200604152109.htm" target="_blank">statement</a>.</p>
<p>"Under high-emissions scenarios, rates of sea-level rise on many tropical coastlines will exceed 7 millimeters per year, the rate at which we concluded there's a 6.2 percent probability mangroves can sustain growth," said co-author Erica Ashe, a post-doctoral scientist in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Rutgers University, in the <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200604152109.htm" target="_blank">statement</a>. "The loss of these mangrove ecosystems could result in increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and fewer vital buffers against storm surges in the long run."</p><p>Around the world, there are 80 different species of mangrove trees. All of them grow in warm, shallow, coastal waters around the tropics. They spread their roots in sediment that is under the water, while their upper trunks, branches and leaves are above the water. The forests usually flood twice a day during high tide, according to <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/mangrove-forests-expected-sea-level-rise-2050-greenhouse-gas-emissions-1508466" target="_blank">Newsweek</a>.</p><p>They play a crucial role in stabilizing the coastline, providing protection from storms, waves, and tidal erosion. Their root systems provide a habitat for fish and other animals, according to <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/mangrove-forests-expected-sea-level-rise-2050-greenhouse-gas-emissions-1508466" target="_blank">Newsweek</a>. Mangrove forests work their magic by pulling freshwater from salty seawater to serve as a nursery for fish, crustaceans and shellfish. But if their roots are completely submerged for too long, the mangroves will drown.</p>
<p>As <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/4/21280580/sea-level-rise-mangroves-climate-change-2050" target="_blank">The Verge</a> noted, mangrove forests are a boon to people and the planet, which is why scientists in Florida have sought to use mangroves as a defense for coastal communities from the ravages of the climate crisis. However, for mangroves to help us, we will first need to help them.</p><p>"We have an opportunity here to take action and to keep the rates of sea level rise below these critical thresholds, which is part of the reason that this is an important study," says Ashe, as <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/4/21280580/sea-level-rise-mangroves-climate-change-2050" target="_blank">The Verge</a> reported.</p><p>To figure out just how much sea level rise was too much for the mangroves, Ashe and her colleagues, led by Neil Saintilan from Macquarie University in Australia, examined sediment core samples from 78 locations around the world. Those samples shed light on how mangroves responded to past changes in the rate of sea level rise, which went from more than 10 millimeters (0.39 inches) per year nearly 10,000 years ago to almost stable around 4,000 years later, as <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/mangrove-forests-expected-sea-level-rise-2050-greenhouse-gas-emissions-1508466" target="_blank">Newsweek</a> reported. They discovered that mangrove ecosystems only developed when rates of sea level rise dropped below about 7 millimeters a year.</p>
<p>"There was good news and bad news. The good news was that mangroves were clearly capable of surviving much higher rates of sea-level rise than we have around the world at present," Saintilan told <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/mangrove-forests-expected-sea-level-rise-2050-greenhouse-gas-emissions-1508466" target="_blank">Newsweek</a>. "There were many examples where mangroves were able to keep pace with sea-level rise of 5 millimeters per year; the current rate is just over 3 millimeters per year."</p><p>"However, there was little evidence that mangroves could keep pace with sea-level rise of over 7 millimeters per year, and this threshold was lower for mangroves on coral reef settings, which failed to keep pace with sea-level rise above 5 millimeters per year. If the rate of sea-level rise doubles, mangroves are in serious trouble," he added.</p>
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UN World Oceans Day is usually an invite-only affair at the UN headquarters in New York, but this year anyone can join in by following the live stream on the UNWOD website from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. EST. https://unworldoceansday.org/
Monday is World Oceans Day, but how can you celebrate our blue planet while social distancing?
<p>Luckily, the UN has you covered with a fascinating lineup of talks focusing on the theme of "innovation for a sustainable ocean." UN World Oceans Day (UNWOD) is usually an invite-only affair at the UN headquarters in New York, but this year anyone can join in by following the live stream on the <a href="https://unworldoceansday.org/page/home" target="_blank">UNWOD website</a> from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern Time.</p>
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font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:550; line-height:18px;"> View this post on Instagram</div></div><div style="padding: 12.5% 0;"></div> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; margin-bottom: 14px; align-items: center;"><div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(0px) translateY(7px);"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; height: 12.5px; transform: rotate(-45deg) translateX(3px) translateY(1px); width: 12.5px; flex-grow: 0; margin-right: 14px; margin-left: 2px;"></div> <div style="background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; height: 12.5px; width: 12.5px; transform: translateX(9px) translateY(-18px);"></div></div><div style="margin-left: 8px;"> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; border-radius: 50%; flex-grow: 0; height: 20px; width: 20px;"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 2px solid transparent; border-left: 6px solid #f4f4f4; border-bottom: 2px solid transparent; transform: translateX(16px) translateY(-4px) rotate(30deg)"></div></div><div style="margin-left: auto;"> <div style=" width: 0px; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-right: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(16px);"></div> <div style=" background-color: #F4F4F4; flex-grow: 0; height: 12px; width: 16px; transform: translateY(-4px);"></div> <div style=" width: 0; height: 0; border-top: 8px solid #F4F4F4; border-left: 8px solid transparent; transform: translateY(-4px) translateX(8px);"></div></div></div></a> <p style=" margin:8px 0 0 0; padding:0 4px;"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/tv/CA5UJGIANyD/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" color:#000; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px; text-decoration:none; word-wrap:break-word;" target="_blank">When the world feels like it’s at a standstill, it’s important to remember what keeps it spinning. Our ocean is our life source, supporting us & every other organism on earth. Celebrate @UNWorldOceansDay on June 8th with @UnitedNations and @Oceanic.Global to learn what thought leaders around the world are doing to protect the ocean and how you can be part of the solution. Featured ocean voices include @caradelevingne, @fatoumata_diawara__, @ashadevos, @c.syresmith, @fcousteau, @jackharries, @dr.sylviaearle, @thegreatbubblebarrier, @codysimpson, @oceanx, @alessandraambrosio, @lillys_plastic_pickup and more. This all-digital event is free and open to all online. See the full line-up and RSVP: UNWorldOceansDay.org/2020</a></p> <p style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:8px; overflow:hidden; padding:8px 0 7px; text-align:center; text-overflow:ellipsis; white-space:nowrap;">A post shared by <a href="https://www.instagram.com/unworldoceansday/?utm_source=ig_embed&utm_campaign=loading" style=" color:#c9c8cd; font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; font-style:normal; font-weight:normal; line-height:17px;" target="_blank"> World Oceans Day</a> (@unworldoceansday) on <time style=" font-family:Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; line-height:17px;" datetime="2020-06-01T14:22:02+00:00">Jun 1, 2020 at 7:22am PDT</time></p></div></blockquote> <script async src="//www.instagram.com/embed.js"></script>
<p>The event is a partnership with solutions-focused non-profit <a href="https://oceanic.global/" target="_blank">Oceanic Global</a>.</p><p>"It's an honor to partner with the United Nations on World Oceans Day 2020," the group's founder and executive director Lea d'Auriol said in a statement. "As an organization, Oceanic Global focuses on industry and individual solutions that engage new audiences in ocean conservation. This year's World Oceans Day theme, 'Innovation for a Sustainable Ocean' ties perfectly into our mission as we are always seeking new paths forward to further support ocean health as well as amplify the voices within the ocean community."</p>
<p>Here is a selection of some of the voices you will get a chance to hear by tuning in:</p><p>1. Cara Delevingne: Delevingne is an actress and musician who also launched <a href="https://ecoresolution.earth/" target="_blank">EcoResolution</a> to encourage people to take action on the climate crisis. She will deliver the opening remarks, focusing on how we are connected to the ocean and the importance of protecting it.</p><p>When: 10 a.m.</p><p>2. Francis Zoet: Zoet developed the <a href="http://thegreatbubblebarrier.com/en/" target="_blank">Great Bubble Barrier</a> to stop some of the eight billion kilos of plastic that enter the oceans every year. Zoet's barrier stops <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/plastic-pollution" target="_self">plastic</a> from entering the ocean from rivers or canals while allowing fish and ships to pass through. She will explain the barrier and how it could be scaled up on a panel with other innovators called "Spotlight Solutions" for the Ocean.</p><p>When: 11 a.m.</p><p>3. Jean-Michel, Céline and Fabien Cousteau: <span>The family of explorers and conservationists will speak on how their family has used technology to increase our understanding of the ocean over time and therefore of what needs protecting and how.</span></p><p>When: 12 p.m.</p><p>4. Lilly Platt: Platt has cleaned up more than 100 thousand pieces of plastic since launching <a href="https://m.facebook.com/lillysplasticpickup/" target="_blank">Lilly's Plastic Pickup</a> in 2015, when she was just seven years old. She will speak on her experience of youth environmental activism along with other young ocean advocates on a panel called Youth Driving Innovation for a Sustainable Ocean.</p><p>When: 3 p.m.</p><p>5. A Concert for the Ocean: The day will wrap up with live performances from musicians around the world, including Fatoumata Diawara, Vieux Farka Touré and Alice Phoebe Lou.</p><p>When: 4 p.m.</p>
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Cryptococcus yeasts (pictured), including ones that are hybrids, can cause life-threatening infections in primarily immunocompromised people. KATERYNA KON/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images
By Jacob L. Steenwyk and Antonis Rokas
From the mythical minotaur to the mule, creatures created from merging two or more distinct organisms – hybrids – have played defining roles in human history and culture. However, not all hybrids are as fantastic as the minotaur or as dependable as the mule; in fact, some of them cause human diseases.
<p>We are evolutionary biologists who are trying to understand <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008315" target="_blank">why certain fungi infect</a> hundreds of thousands of patients each year while others are harmless. We are particularly interested in infections caused by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.021" target="_blank"><em>Aspergillus</em> fungi</a>, a group of molds – multicellular fungi that typically grow by forming networks of hairlike filaments – that can <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00140-18" target="_blank">cause very serious infections in patients with weak immune systems</a>. While examining <em>Aspergillus</em> strains isolated from patients with lung-related diseases, we unexpectedly discovered <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.071" target="_blank">an <em>Aspergillus</em> hybrid</a> that infects humans. This finding is significant not only because this is the first known example of a hybrid mold infecting humans but also because accurate identification of the species causing disease is key for managing fungal infections.</p>
When Looking Through a Microscope Isn’t Close Enough.
<p>For the last few years, <a href="http://www.rokaslab.org/" target="_blank">our team at Vanderbilt University</a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Gustavo-Goldman-Lab" target="_blank">Gustavo Goldman's team at São Paulo University in Brazil</a> and many other collaborators around the world have been collecting samples of fungi from patients infected with different species of <em>Aspergillus</em> molds. One of the species we are particularly interested in is <a href="https://doi.org/10.1006/rwgn.2001.0082" target="_blank"><em>Aspergillus nidulans</em>, a relatively common and generally harmless fungus</a>. Clinical laboratories typically identify the species of <em>Aspergillus</em> causing the infection by examining cultures of the fungi under the microscope. The problem with this approach is that very closely related species of <em>Aspergillus</em> tend to look very similar in their broad morphology or physical appearance when viewing them through a microscope.</p><p>Interested in examining the varying abilities of different <em>A. nidulans</em> strains to cause disease, we decided to analyze their total genetic content, or genomes. What we saw came as a total surprise. We had not collected <em>A. nidulans</em> but <em>Aspergillus latus</em>, a close relative of <em>A. nidulans</em> and, as we were to soon find out, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.071" target="_blank">a hybrid species that evolved through the fusion of the genomes</a> of two other <em>Aspergillus</em> species: <em>Aspergillus spinulosporus</em> and an unknown close relative of <em>Aspergillus quadrilineatus</em>. Thus, we realized not only that these patients harbored infections from an entirely different species than we thought they were, but also that this species was the first ever <em>Aspergillus</em> hybrid known to cause human infections.</p>Several Different Fungal Hybrids Cause Human Disease.
<p>Hybrid fungi that can cause infections in humans are well known to occur in several different lineages of single-celled fungi known as yeasts. Notable examples include multiple different species of <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/yea.3242" target="_blank">yeast hybrids</a> that cause the human diseases <a href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6218/cryptococcosis" target="_blank">cryptococcosis</a> and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/index.html" target="_blank">candidiasis</a>. Although pathogenic yeast hybrids are well known, our discovery that the <em>A. latus</em> pathogen is a hybrid is a first for molds that cause disease in humans.</p><img lazy-loadable="true" src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzM3NDk4Mi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyMTIwOTgyOX0.gCsk3b5GHdZq78oT3M2ajq3QYT9i-PrLNjoxB6AF1Dg/img.jpg?width=980" id="365cb" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="e1f11ec0f5a0b5a5bc3a94b1fa86bd97" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />
(Left) Candida yeasts live on parts of the human body. Imbalance of microbes on the body can allow these yeasts, some of which are hybrids, to grow and cause infection. (Right) Cryptococcus yeasts, including ones that are hybrids, can cause life-threatening infections in primarily immunocompromised people. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
<p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008315" target="_blank">Why certain <em>Aspergillus</em> species are so deadly</a> while others are harmless remains unknown. This may in part be because <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2007.02.007" target="_blank">combinations of traits, rather than individual traits</a>, underlie organisms' ability to cause disease. So why then are hybrids frequently associated with human disease? Hybrids inherit genetic material from both parents, which may result in new combinations of traits. This may make them more similar to one parent in some of their characteristics, reflect both parents in others or may differ from both in the rest. It is precisely this mix and match of traits that hybrids have inherited from their parental species that <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/science/14creatures.html" target="_blank">facilitates their evolutionary success</a>, including their ability to cause disease.</p>The Evolutionary Origin of an Aspergillus Hybrid.
<p>Multiple evolutionary paths can lead to the emergence of hybrids. One path is through mating, just as the horse and donkey mate to create a mule. Another path is through the merging or fusion of genetic material from cells of different species.</p><p>It is this second path that appears to have been taken by our fungus. <em>A. latus</em> appears to have two of almost everything compared to its parental species: twice the genome size, twice the total number of genes and so on. But unlike other hybrids, which are often sterile like the mule, we found that <em>A. latus</em> is capable of reproducing both asexually and sexually.</p><p>But how distinct were the parents of <em>A. latus</em>? By comparing the parts contributed by each parent in the <em>A. latus</em> genome, we estimate that its parents are approximately 93% genetically similar, which is about as related as we humans are with lemurs. In other words, <em>A. latus</em>, an agent of infectious disease, is the fungal equivalent of a human-lemur hybrid.</p>How A. Latus Differs From its Parents.
<p>Elucidating the identity of closely related fungal pathogens and how they differ from each other in infection-relevant characteristics is a key step toward reducing the burden of fungal disease. For example, we found that <em>A. latus</em> was three times more resistant than <em>A. nidulans</em>, the species it was originally identified as using microscopy-based methods, to one of the most common antifungal drugs, <a href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00520" target="_blank">caspofungin</a>. This result provides a clear example of the potential importance of accurate identification of the <em>Aspergillus</em> pathogen causing an infection.</p><p>We also examined how <em>A. latus</em> and <em>A. nidulans</em> interact with cells from our immune system. We found that immune cells were less efficient at combating <em>A. latus</em> compared to <em>A. nidulans</em>, suggesting the hybrid fungus may be trickier for our immune systems to identify and destroy.</p><p>In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, our quest to understand <em>Aspergillus</em> pathogens is becoming more urgent. Growing evidence suggests that <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13096" target="_blank">a fraction of COVID-19 patients are also infected with <em>Aspergillus</em>.</a> More worrying is that these <a href="https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.201603" target="_blank">secondary <em>Aspergillus</em> infections</a> can worsen the clinical outcomes for those infected with the novel coronavirus. That being said, we stress that little is known about <em>Aspergillus</em> infections in COVID-19 patients due to a lack of systematic testing, and none of the infections identified so far appear to have been caused by hybrids.</p><p>So, when it comes to hybrids, some are fantastic (the minotaur), some are helpful (the mule) and some are dangerous (<em>Aspergillus latus</em>). Understanding more about the biology of <em>Aspergillus latus</em> may help in our understanding of how microbial pathogens arise and how to best prevent and combat their infections.</p>
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National Trails Day 2020 is now titled In Solidarity, AHS Suspends Promotion of National Trails Day 2020. The American Hiking Society is seeking to amplify Black voices in the outdoor community and advocate for equal access to the outdoors. Klaus Vedfelt / DigitalVision / Getty Images
This Saturday, June 6, marks National Trails Day, an annual celebration of the remarkable recreational, scenic and hiking trails that crisscross parks nationwide. The event, which started in 1993, honors the National Trail System and calls for volunteers to help with trail maintenance in parks across the country.
<p>The American Hiking Society (AHS) promotes the event. Last year, the AHS launched a campaign to set a world record to have the most people helping improve trails in one day. This year is a very different story, due to recent developments like social distancing from COVID-19 and the nationwide protests of systemic racism.</p><p>While National Trails Day will continue on a local level, AHS has canceled all of its promotions and activities lest it detract from the Black Lives Matter movement.</p>
<p>The official page for National Trails Day is now titled <a href="https://americanhiking.org/national-trails-day/suspended/" target="_blank">In Solidarity, AHS Suspends Promotion of National Trails Day 2020</a>. It goes on to advocate for equal access to the outdoors:</p><blockquote>"In its quest to be an ever-stronger ally, so as not to take space from the very important discussions and protests around racism in America and, in particular, around police brutality of Black bodies, American Hiking Society will suspend its promotion of National Trails Day this year. Instead, we will be taking allyship actions, including: amplifying Black voices in the outdoor community; sharing <a href="https://americanhiking.org/hiking-resources/racism-in-the-outdoors/" target="_blank">resources on racism in the outdoors</a> that will link back to publications and content authored by people of color; and urging our supporters to <a href="https://americanhiking.org/advocacy/cta-national-trails-day-2020/" target="_blank">call on Congress to pass legislation that provides equitable access to quality natural spaces for ALL </a>. We thank our partners who have supported this decision to re-focus our efforts where we feel they are needed most at this time."</blockquote>
<p>While calls to improve trails have mostly been suspended so people can keep a safe distance from each other, hiking trails across the country have seen an uptick in visitors as other activities have been closed to them.</p><p>"During the COVID-19 quarantines, more and more people have been discovering the mental and physical benefits of getting outside in their neighborhoods, to the point of a 200 percent increase in trail usage in cities across the country," according to an AHS <a href="https://www.eptrail.com/2020/06/02/national-trails-day-takes-place-on-saturday/" target="_blank">statement</a>.</p>
<p><br>On Martha's Vineyard, in Massachusetts, the Sheriff's Meadow Foundation and the Martha's Vineyard Land Bank Commission canceled its annual cross-island hike, even though attendance on trails has been up, according to the <a href="https://www.mvtimes.com/2020/06/03/not-usual-national-trails-day/" target="_blank">Martha's Vineyard Times</a>.</p><p>"We've noticed a surge in use of all of our trails and sanctuaries, and also of the TrailsMV app," said Adam Moore, executive director of Sheriff's Meadow Foundation, to the <a href="https://www.mvtimes.com/2020/06/03/not-usual-national-trails-day/" target="_blank">Martha's Vineyard Times</a>. "Even though there may not be an organized group hike, I think there may be more people out hiking than ever. It's been an extraordinary time for trails, for people's enjoyment of them, and for our need to keep them up and maintain them."</p>
<p>On the other side of the country, in Spokane, Washington, the <a href="https://www.evergreeneast.org/" target="_blank">Evergreen East</a> organization is asking for volunteers to help complete a mountain bike trail in a conservation area. According to T<a href="https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2020/jun/02/volunteers-needed-for-national-trails-day-project-/" target="_blank">he Spokesman-Review</a>, trail project leaders will be on hand for instruction and to ensure that current social distancing guidelines and safety precautions are followed to prevent the spread of COVID-19.</p><p>In Lyme, Connecticut, students from a local high school practiced safe social distancing all spring to groom three trails that are ready to open the public on National Trails Day, according to <a href="https://lymeline.com/2020/06/celebrate-national-trails-day-saturday-take-a-hike-on-old-lymes-newest-town-open-space-the-mcculloch-family-property/" target="_blank">Lyme Line</a>.</p><p>In Portland, Maine, the South Portland Land Trust is releasing a new map of five trails just in time for National Trails Day.</p><p>"Now more than ever, trails and open space are critical to the mental and physical well-being of the city," the land trust said in a release, as the <a href="https://www.pressherald.com/2020/06/04/south-portland-land-trust-celebrates-national-trails-day/" target="_blank">Portland Press Herald</a> reported. "While some beaches and other parks are closed, land trust trails all over the state, including South Portland, are providing a relief valve."</p>
<p>Even though a lot of volunteering opportunities are canceled, there are ways to enjoy National Trails Day and lower your carbon footprint. Suzan Bellincampi, sanctuary director for Felix Neck Wildlife Sanctuary in Martha's Vineyard, shared recommendations with the <a href="https://www.mvtimes.com/2020/06/03/not-usual-national-trails-day/" target="_blank">Martha's Vineyard Times</a>.</p><p>"I'd recommend people think about exploring a new place they haven't seen, or maybe something right in their backyard. In times of climate change, the lower your carbon footprint, the better," said Bellincampi. "That would also protect, from a global perspective, all these places that we hold so dear."</p>
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Indigenous people from the Parque das Tribos community mourn the death of Chief Messias of the Kokama tribe from Covid-19, in Manaus, Brazil, on May 14, 2020. MICHAEL DANTAS / AFP / Getty Images
By John Letzing
This past Wednesday, when some previously hard-hit countries were able to register daily COVID-19 infections in the single digits, the Navajo Nation – a 71,000 square-kilometer (27,000-square-mile) expanse of the western US – reported 54 new cases of what's referred to locally as "Dikos Ntsaaígíí-19."
<p>That brought the total number of reported cases in the <a href="https://www.ihs.gov/navajo/navajonation/" target="_blank">designated home</a> of the Navajo people to 5,533, as the number of known deaths reached 252. For an area with an <a href="https://www.census.gov/tribal/?st=04&aianihh=2430" target="_blank">estimated population</a> of 172,875, that translates into an infection rate more than five times that of the US <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html" target="_blank">as a whole</a>. The Navajo Nation is not an isolated example. <a href="https://time.com/5808257/indigenous-communities-coronavirus-impact/" target="_blank">Around the world</a>, COVID-19 still poses a disproportionate threat to indigenous communities even as it recedes elsewhere.</p><p>According to the <a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/covid-19.html" target="_blank">United Nations</a>, indigenous peoples' traditional lifestyles can create greater risks of spreading infection when they involve large gatherings to mark events like harvests, or living in multi-generational housing with elderly family members. The indigenous also <a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/un-desa-policy-brief-70-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-indigenous-peoples/" target="_blank">suffer</a> from a relatively high degree of socio-economic marginalization that makes them more vulnerable. This dynamic is not new.</p><p>The Navajo Nation <a href="https://www.navajo-nsn.gov/index.htm" target="_blank">government</a> issued a stay-at-home order as COVID-19 spread, implemented a curfew, and mandated the use of masks in public. But it has <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/05/navajo-nation-hit-hard-coronavirus-200526171504037.html" target="_blank">struggled</a> with issues including the fact that nearly a third of the homes in the area (detailed in the map below) lack running water for hand washing.</p>
<img lazy-loadable="true" src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzM3NDY4Ni9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYxMDAzNDk2NX0.vVWmJG9OhDMQ0-QJQYWbzO97J96n3HTkYnrNoYN31Xo/img.png?width=980" id="ab1a9" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="4583f8be3269a8dd27b5a836a20ceaac" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />
The Navajo Nation covers the corners of three different states. Google Maps
<p>In Brazil, an advocacy group reported last month that the COVID-19 mortality rate among indigenous people was <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/23/world/coronavirus-indigenous-death-apib-intl/index.html" target="_blank">nearly twice</a> that of the country as a whole. Prior to that, a mapping service had published an <a href="https://infoamazonia.org/en/2020/05/distantes-de-utis-e-respiradores-indigenas-da-amazonia-tentam-se-blindar-do-virus/#!/story=post-51141" target="_blank">analysis</a> showing that villages in the Amazon are on average 315 kilometers (195 miles) away from the nearest intensive care bed in the Brazilian public health system – and more than half of the villages analyzed were more than 200 kilometers (124 miles) away from any intensive care unit.</p><p>Brazil is <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31236-8/fulltext" target="_blank">just one</a> of the countries in the World Health Organization's Americas region with significant and remote indigenous populations deemed vulnerable to the pandemic. The WHO <a href="https://cnnphilippines.com/world/2020/6/2/americas-rapid-increase-coronavirus-cases-WHO-says.html" target="_blank">said</a> the region recently accounted for half of the 10 countries in the world reporting the highest new number of cases over a 24-hour span.</p>
Growing Contribution
<img lazy-loadable="true" src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzM3NDY5Ny9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0NjM4MTgyM30.IuQTKQs1stvYYKD6vaVTrqAyoBsUG0BhDvlhxsyKwPA/img.png?width=980" id="02a05" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="2841f82b1785df5d5ed7bf64d3bb882b" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />World Economic Forum
<p>There are exceptions, however. Some of the world's indigenous populations appear not to be overly impacted by COVID-19. In New Zealand, for example, the Māori <a href="https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-current-situation/covid-19-current-cases#ethnicity" target="_blank">accounted for</a> 9% of reported cases as of 4 June, but <a href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/new-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity#:~:text=The%20next%20largest%20ethnic%20group,from%2011.8%20percent%20in%202013." target="_blank">represent</a> more than 16% of the country's population. And in Canada, <a href="https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/eng/1581964230816/1581964277298" target="_blank">government figures</a> have not indicated an unusual infection rate for indigenous people – though there are <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/indigenous-leaders-covid19-data-testing-1.5562555" target="_blank">concerns</a> that indigenous cases in the country are being undercounted.</p><p>For more context, here are links to further reading from <a href="https://intelligence.weforum.org/" target="_blank">the World Economic Forum's Strategic Intelligence platform</a>:</p><ul><li>COVID-19 is not the only thing indigenous people in Brazil have to worry about. According to this report, indigenous lands in the country are being devastated as the outside world has been distracted by the pandemic. <em>(</em><a href="https://theconversation.com/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-is-devastating-indigenous-lands-with-the-world-distracted-138478" target="_blank"><em>The Conversation</em></a><em>)</em></li></ul><ul><li>Perhaps no community in North America has been more shaped by infectious disease than Native tribes, according to this report. <em>(</em><a href="https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/2020/0430/For-Native-Americans-coronavirus-looks-heartbreakingly-familiar" target="_blank"><em>Christian Science Monitor</em></a><em>)</em></li></ul><ul><li>In Colombia, the killing of indigenous leaders increased after a coronavirus-related lockdown in March made them easier to locate in isolation, according to this report. <em>(</em><a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2020/05/20/the-impact-of-colombias-covid-19-response-on-indigenous-inclusion-in-peace-processes/" target="_blank"><em>LSE</em></a><em>)</em></li></ul><ul><li>In some countries consultations with indigenous people are now being abruptly suspended in order to force through megaprojects relating to agribusiness, mining, dams and infrastructure, according to a UN independent expert. <em>(</em><a href="https://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/articles/covid-19-impact-on-worlds-indigenous-goes-well-beyond-health-threat/" target="_blank"><em>Ecosystem Marketplace</em></a><em>)</em></li></ul><ul><li>Mining sites, deemed an essential business during the pandemic, are placing indigenous communities in Canada and several other countries at high risk of infection, according to this report. <em>(<a href="https://e360.yale.edu/digest/as-mining-continues-during-coronavirus-local-indigenous-communities-at-high-risk" target="_blank">YaleE360</a>)</em></li></ul><ul><li>The Secoya community fled by canoe to isolate themselves from the outbreak in the central wetlands of Lagarto Cocha in Ecuador, only to suffer 15 confirmed cases and two deaths among its population of 744, according to this report. <em>(</em><a href="https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2020/05/11/coronavirus-Latin-America-Amazon-indigenous-communities" target="_blank"><em>The New Humanitarian</em></a><em>)</em></li></ul><ul><li>Well ahead of government action, indigenous federations across the Amazon launched extensive campaigns to mitigate the pandemic and its socie-economic consequences, according to this report. <em>(</em><a href="https://theconversation.com/how-indigenous-people-in-the-amazon-are-coping-with-the-coronavirus-pandemic-137041" target="_blank"><em>The Conversation</em></a><em>)</em></li></ul><p>On the <a href="https://intelligence.weforum.org/" target="_blank">Strategic Intelligence</a> platform, you can find visualizations and feeds of expert analysis related to <a href="https://intelligence.weforum.org/topics/a1G0X000006O6EHUA0?tab=publications" target="_blank">COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://intelligence.weforum.org/topics/a1Gb00000038pGiEAI?tab=publications" target="_blank">Global Health</a> and hundreds of additional topics. You'll need to register to view.</p>
<p class=""><em>Reposted with permission from <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/06/covid-19-presents-an-inordinate-threat-to-indigenous-people/" target="_blank">World Economic Forum</a>.</em></p>From Your Site Articles
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World Environment Day: A Time to Consider the Planet We’ll Return To, and Decide How to Care for It Going Forward
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Insights + Opinion
World Environment Day was put into motion almost fifty years ago by the United Nations as a response to a multitude of environmental threats. RicardoImagen / Getty Images
It's a different kind of World Environment Day this year. In prior years, it might have been enough to plant a tree, spend some extra time in the garden, or teach kids the importance of recycling. This year we have heavier tasks at hand. It's been months since we've been able to spend sufficient time outside, and as we lustfully watch the beauty of a new spring through our kitchen's glass windows, we have to decide how we'll interact with the natural world on our release, and how we can prevent, or be equipped to handle, future threats against our wellbeing.
<p>When we emerge from our homes, it will be into a healthier planet than we left. Fewer cars, trucks, and planes have caused a significant reduction in pollution and an unprecedented improvement in air quality—so while we've been sick, the planet's been healing. The question is how we can continue to allow the Earth to heal itself, and how we should treat it going forward.</p><p>When we rebuild our lives and economy, we need to embrace the opportunities of rebirth and build the foundation of a stronger ecosystem. The call to action is multifaceted. At its core it requires a commitment to conservation stewardship. Today our thoughts and our talking heads mull over the virus all day every day, but after this it will be easy to return to the divisive, polarized, and xenophobic conversations we've stepped away from. We need to eschew what may feel like a natural impulse and instead become what I call "Outdoor Citizens"—champions of the natural world who realize we are not just citizens of our cities, states, and countries, but of planet Earth, which nurtures and protects us even when our unique governments cannot.</p><p>A sustainable plan of action to preserve our planet and human health in the process requires a robust public-private collaboration by citizens and officials on local, state, and federal levels. For this to happen, we need to vote into office politicians whose environmental agendas, especially in relation to their views on the fossil fuel industry, align with our own. We also need an outdoor-centric economy underscored by investors who fund sustainability initiatives, and we need manufacturers who agree to abide by environmentally friendly production practices.</p>
<p>Our time working from home has shown our extraordinary ability to innovate and craft new technology. This wonderful quality can be used to put the levers of science, conservation stewardship, and data collection in each of our hands. Hardware, software, apps, wireless 5G communication, and the Internet of Things can empower all Outdoor Citizens to contribute to the cause of protecting our planet, whether it be through aggregating data, fostering local and global connections to strategize and implement environmental protections, or giving us the tools we need to monitor and lower our energy consumption and carbon footprint.</p><p>World Environment Day was put into motion almost fifty years ago by the United Nations as a response to a multitude of environmental threats. The same year it was established, in 1972, a variety of countries around the world passed legislation protecting the environment. New Zealand passed its Clean Air Act. The Wildlife Protection Act was enacted by India. Here in the US, Congress passed the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the first law of its kind in our country. Today with the growing threat of climate change, we again need active change.</p><p>As we continue to adapt to our new normal, post-pandemic, and as our scientists race to find ways to treat the virus, I am encouraged and excited by the knowledge that people will exit their homes with a newfound appreciation for the joy of being outdoors, and that we as a society are looking to see what we can do better. We stand on the shoulders of those who were the champions of the outdoors, and now it's our turn to take bold action. The future of our planet and humanity will be defined by what we do today, and future generations will judge us on this. Let's strive to become the greatest generation of conservationists. Let's strive to be Outdoor Citizens.</p>
<p class=""><em>John Judge is the president and CEO of the </em><a href="https://www.outdoors.org/" target="_blank"><em>Appalachian Mountain Club</em></a><em>, America's oldest conservation and outdoors organization, and the author of </em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Outdoor-Citizen-Give-Back-Active-ebook/dp/B086391XVH/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1589982775&sr=1-1" target="_blank"><em>The Outdoor Citizen</em><em>: Get Out, Give Back, Get Active</em></a><em>.</em></p>
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Experts are worried that COVID-19, a primarily respiratory and airway disease, could have permanent effects on lungs, inhibiting the ability for divers to continue diving. Tiffany Duong / Ocean Rebels
Scuba divers around the world are holding their metaphorical breath to see if a coronavirus infection affects the ability to dive.
<p>Some preliminary data, while inconclusive, indicates that permanent lung damage can occur even in mild cases. All experts are advocating for further studies to examine potential permanent effects.</p><p>"Like other respiratory illnesses, COVID-19 can cause lasting lung damage," said Dr. Matias Nochetto, director of medical service at Divers Alert Network (DAN). The doctor addressed the fears of many scuba divers in a <a href="https://www.facebook.com/DiversAlertNetwork/videos/691682591631410" target="_blank">company webinar</a> on diving after a COVID-19 infection.</p>
<p>Joseph Dituri, the principal investigator in a study to use hyperbaric medicine to treat coronavirus patients, explained to EcoWatch that lung cells are damaged by both the coronavirus infection and the body's inflammatory reaction to it, reducing lung function and gas exchange capabilities. Nochetto noted in the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/DiversAlertNetwork/videos/691682591631410" target="_blank">webinar</a> that the inflammation causes leakage of fluid and pus into the lungs that can result in irreparable <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/covid-19-recovered-patients-have-partially-reduced-lung-function/a-52859671" target="_blank">lung scarring and damage</a>.</p><p>"This is not good for anyone's lungs, let alone diving," the doctor added. "There is no proof that any lungs have fully recovered from COVID-19. Everyone that has had COVID so far, even if they had COVID in January, their lungs are likely still recovering, so it is too soon to say if they are or are not gonna be able to dive."</p>
<img lazy-loadable="true" src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yMzM3NDA3MC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYwMjcxOTg2Mn0.zzMhWKDnhrVtj9HFXefdjLWW1bKKO9Kh3AZCLu-J3kA/img.png?width=980" id="49f9e" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="c47b0ecdd76153f9ce088ef76fba00eb" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />
DAN medical experts explained the difference between normal lungs, on the left, and "very serious lungs caused by COVID-19," on the right. Matias Nochetto / Divers Alert Network (DAN)
<p>An April 15 report from Austria put the dive world on high alert. Dr. Frank Hartig treated six infected divers who only suffered mild symptoms, were not hospitalized and recovered at home, reported <a href="https://www.caymancompass.com/2020/04/24/divers-face-long-term-health-impact-from-covid-19/?fbclid=IwAR1RQXV50frrwU3YnG8Qh12oMQ0m1l9iJ61eanApvk7_twmqduOsKwNgbEs" target="_blank">Cayman Compass</a>.</p><p>Although "clinically recovered," all six patients exhibited "irreversible" long-term lung damage which made a full recovery "unlikely," Hartig said. Two exhibited asthmatic-like, irritated lungs, two suffered low oxygen supplies, and four showed "significant changes" to lung structure, reported <a href="https://www.caymancompass.com/2020/04/24/divers-face-long-term-health-impact-from-covid-19/?fbclid=IwAR1RQXV50frrwU3YnG8Qh12oMQ0m1l9iJ61eanApvk7_twmqduOsKwNgbEs" target="_blank">Cayman Compass</a>.</p><p>"None of the six divers can be released for diving for the time being, despite their well-being," Hartig said, reported <a href="http://divemagazine.co.uk/skills/8907-serious-problems-diving-after-covid19" target="_blank">Dive Magazine</a>.</p>
<p>The doctor said that patients who felt fully recovered could still suffer lung damage which could permanently prohibit scuba diving and other forms of exercise. He implored dive professionals like dive instructors and commercial divers to avoid contracting the disease at all costs.</p><p>In a <a href="https://www.uhms.org/images/Position-Statements/Return_to_Diving_Post_COVID-19_Final_NB_4-27-2020.pdf" target="_blank">responsive position statement</a>, the <a href="https://www.uhms.org/" target="_blank">Undersea Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS)</a> called the findings "generalized" and "premature." The medical society emphasized, "At the present time, we simply do not have sufficient data to support or refute the definitive proclamations made by this case series." UHMS, the primary source of scientific information regarding diving, noted that more time and studies are needed to accurately access the potential impact of the disease on individuals' health and ability to dive.</p><p>UHMS also highlighted that COVID-19 shares many features with other serious viral pneumonia, including requiring a "weeks or months" period of convalescence before returning to full activities, including diving.</p>
<p>In their <a href="https://www.facebook.com/DiversAlertNetwork/videos/691682591631410" target="_blank">webinar</a>, DAN's doctors similarly did not set a specific timeline for a return to diving after infection, instead advocating for individual medical assessments and fitness tests by doctors trained in dive medicine to uncover potential residual issues. Chief Medical Officer Dr. Jim Chimiak emphasized the need to evaluate any residual damage to lung structure and function due to coronavirus before considering diving again.</p><p>"It's never bad to be conservative especially as you return to diving after a long delay," he said. "It's not automatically sating you can no longer dive, but it needs to be assessed on a case by case basis."</p><p>Dr. Douglas Ebersole, a cardiology consultant for DAN, avid tech diver and recovering COVID-19 patient, agreed that there was no "one size fits all" answer to when divers who have been infected with coronavirus can safely return to the sport, reported <a href="https://www.divetech.com/post/diving-in-the-era-of-covid-19" target="_blank">Dive Tech</a>.</p><p>Ebersole agreed with UHMS and DAN that it was too early to conclude whether infections could lead to permanent, sidelining injuries, but compared the coronavirus to its close viral cousin, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). A 2004 study found that half of "recovered" SARS patients exhibited pulmonary function defects three months after hospital discharge, but that impairment was "mild" in most cases, Ebersole wrote.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.sbmhs-bvoog.be/2020%200412%20Position%20of%20the%20BVOOG.pdf" target="_blank">Belgian Society for Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine</a> said in a statement, "A person who has had COVID-19 infection with severe pulmonary symptoms may suffer from prolonged or even permanent pulmonary damage, even if the lung function seems to have returned to (near) normal," putting them at higher risk for lung barotrauma injuries.</p><p>The society recommending that infected, symptomatic divers wait two to three months after recovery and undergo complete pulmonary function testing, CT lung scanning, cardiac evaluations and exercise tests before attempting to dive again.</p><p>"There's no one fully recovered," Chimiak concluded. "Stay tuned. It's a new disease. I think this story is not over; the book has not been written."</p>
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