Surprising Study: Orangutans Are Only Non-Human Primates Who Can 'Talk' About the Past
Freder / E+ / Getty Images
We already know that orangutans are some of the smartest land animals on Earth. Now, researchers have found evidence that these amazing apes can communicate about past events—the first time this trait has been observed in a non-human primate.
A new study published in the journal Science Advances revealed that when wild Sumatran orangutan mothers spotted a predator, they suppressed their alarm calls to others until the threat was no longer there.
This behavior is called "displaced reference," or "the capacity to transmit information about something that is not present or about a past or future event," the authors wrote in the study. It's so rare that its only documentation in a non-human species is the dance of forager honeybees.
The way the University of St. Andrews researchers designed their experiment is hilariously charming. They draped themselves in white, spotted, patterned and tiger-stripe sheets and crawled on all fours underneath mother orangutans in Sumatra's Ketambe forest.
After spotting a #predator nearby, Sumatran #orangutan mothers temporarily withheld calling out in alarm. This beha… https://t.co/Vjvnk0fRFr— Science Advances (@Science Advances)1542387306.0
The researchers crawled for around two minutes before moving away from the orangutans' sight. Instead of making an instant cry, the primates stayed quiet for an average of seven minutes before they made their alarm calls.
"When exposed to predator models"—the researchers nonchalantly explained—"Sumatran orangutan mothers temporarily suppressed alarm calls up to 20 min until the model was out of sight."
Adriano Reis e Lameira, one of the researchers, explained to Science Magazine that the females stayed quiet in order to not draw attention.
One female "stopped what she was doing, grabbed her infant, defecated [a sign of distress], and started slowly climbing higher in the tree," Lameira said. "She was completely quiet."
"Twenty minutes passed. And then she finally did it." Once she started her warning call, it went on for more than an hour.
Since orangutans are closely related to humans, this study could provide clues about the evolution of language itself, Carel van Schaik, a primatologist at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, who was not involved with the study explained to Science Magazine.
Check out this video for more about the study:
Orangutans are the only great apes—besides humans—to 'talk' about the past www.youtube.com
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U.S. President Joe Biden speaks about climate change issues in the State Dining Room of the White House on January 27, 2021 in Washington, DC. Anna Moneymaker-Pool / Getty Images
President Joe Biden signed a sweeping executive order Wednesday to address the climate crisis.
<p>The order set out a bold plan to prioritize climate action for both domestic and international policy while moving away from <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/fossil-fuels" target="_self">fossil fuels</a>, creating jobs and emphasizing <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/environmental-justice" target="_self">environmental justice</a>.</p><p>"In my view, we've already waited too long to deal with this climate crisis and we can't wait any longer," Biden said in a <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/01/27/remarks-by-president-biden-before-signing-executive-actions-on-tackling-climate-change-creating-jobs-and-restoring-scientific-integrity/" target="_blank">press briefing</a>. "We see it with our own eyes, we feel it, we know it in our bones, and it's time to act."</p><p>The Executive Order on Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad endorsed numerous actions, including:</p><ol><li>Hosting a Leaders' Climate Summit to boost international climate ambition ahead of the next UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties.</li><li>Determining new national emissions reduction goals per the terms of the Paris climate agreement.</li><li>Developing a financial plan to help developing countries act on and adapt to the climate crisis.</li><li>Creating a National Climate Task Force to shape the domestic response across agencies.</li><li>Working to ensure a carbon-free electricity sector by 2035.</li><li>Ensuring all federal vehicles are electric.</li><li>Increasing renewable energy production on federal land and waters, with a goal of doubling offshore wind power by 2030.</li><li>Pausing all oil and gas leases on public lands.</li><li>Ending fossil fuel subsidies.</li><li>Creating a Civilian Climate Corps.</li><li>Crafting a plan to conserve 30 percent of U.S. land and water by 2030.</li><li>Tasking fossil fuel workers with plugging methane gas leaks and handling other restoration work.</li><li>Creating a White House Environmental Justice Interagency Council to address the needs of communities that have been disproportionately harmed by pollution.</li><li>Mandating that 40 percent of federal climate investments are directed to marginalized communities.</li></ol>
<p>Also on Wednesday, Biden took executive actions to emphasize the importance of evidence-based decision making across the federal government. He created a <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-presidents-council-of-advisors-on-science-and-technology/" target="_blank">President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology</a> and a <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/memorandum-on-restoring-trust-in-government-through-scientific-integrity-and-evidence-based-policymaking/" target="_blank">Task Force on Scientific Integrity</a>. These actions follow attempts by the Trump administration to <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-change-censorship-trump-2639315251.html" target="_self">dismiss mainstream climate science</a> and <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/national-climate-assessment-scientist-trump-2648849642.html" target="_self">interfere with government researchers.</a></p><p>"It is the policy of my Administration to make evidence-based decisions guided by the best available science and data," Biden wrote in the memorandum creating the scientific integrity task force.</p><p>Biden's actions were met with enthusiasm by environmental groups.</p><p>"The Biden-Harris administration has rolled out the most ambitious plan for a<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/JustClimateFuture?src=hashtag_click" target="_blank"> #JustClimateFuture</a> in our nation's history," the Natural Resources Defense Council <a href="https://twitter.com/NRDC/status/1354502885774655490" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">tweeted</a>.</p>
<p>The youth-based Sunrise Movement, meanwhile, noted that the executive order included many items they <span style="background-color: initial;">had been fighting for,</span> including the emphasis on green jobs and environmental justice.</p><p>"Seeing this type of action from the Biden administration is great but also just the beginning of what we need to fully address and stop the climate crisis," the group <a href="https://twitter.com/sunrisemvmt/status/1354603918555312130" target="_blank">tweeted</a>.</p><p>However, the Indigenous Environmental Network <a href="https://twitter.com/IENearth/status/1354539231910223876" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">felt more cautious</a>. The group applauded the pause on fossil fuel extraction, but said it would wait to celebrate until extraction finally ended. </p><p>"As for Biden's pledge to address climate and environmental justice, we are optimistic about the chance to work with his administration in those endeavors, but we stand by our principles that such justice on these stolen lands cannot be achieved through market-based solutions, unproven technologies and approaches that do not cut emissions at the source," the group wrote.</p>
<p>The fossil fuel industry was predictably less pleased. The Western Energy Alliance, which represents oil and gas companies in the Western U.S., immediately filed a lawsuit against the pause on new fossil fuel leases, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/27/climate/biden-climate-executive-orders.html?campaign_id=51&emc=edit_MBE_p_20210128&instance_id=26488&nl=morning-briefing&regi_id=88631294&section=topNews&segment_id=50446&te=1&user_id=d8eb7cee9d3c5ab39515239b6ec54d19" target="_blank">The New York Times reported</a>.</p><p>"Penalizing the oil and gas industry kills good-paying American jobs, hurts our already struggling economy, makes our country more reliant on foreign energy sources, and impacts those who rely on affordable and reliable energy," Anne Bradbury, president of the American Exploration and Production Council, said in a <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/27/biden-suspends-oil-and-gas-drilling-in-series-of.html" target="_blank">statement reported by CNBC</a>.</p><p>However, Biden and his top climate advisors pushed back against the oft-repeated assertion that climate action is bad for U.S. workers.</p><p>In <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/press-briefings/2021/01/27/press-briefing-by-press-secretary-jen-psaki-special-presidential-envoy-for-climate-john-kerry-and-national-climate-advisor-gina-mccarthy-january-27-2021/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">remarks to the press</a>, Special Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry noted that fossil fuel jobs could take a toll on the workers who performed them.</p><p>"[Y]ou look at the consequences of black lung for a miner, for instance, and measure that against the fastest-growing job in the United States before COVID was solar power technician. The same people can do those jobs, but the choice of doing the solar power one now is a better choice," he said.</p>
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Area bordering Kaxarari Indigenous territory in Labrea, Amazonas state, Brazil, in August, 2020. Christian Braga / Greenpeace
Tropical forests are guardians against runaway climate change, but their ability to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is wearing down. The Amazon, which accounts for more than half of the world's rainforest cover, is on the verge of turning into a carbon source.
<p><br/></p>
<img lazy-loadable="true" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTU0NjM3OC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1MzI0NTEyNH0.LiRJxETND8w2jTlQqMhF6FG8rYLgPqjNsxnkDuH2ads/img.jpg?width=980" id="f3111" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="d4fbecfe6665dc592829aa1a4c66f368" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="1200" data-height="800" />
Deforested peat forest in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Rhett A. Butler / Mongabay
<p>Overall, forests remain a carbon sink, stashing away 7.6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide every year, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-00976-6" target="_blank">according to a recent study published</a> in <em>Nature Climate Change</em>. But in the last 20 years alone, forests in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia, have turned into net emitters of carbon, thanks to the spread of plantations, raging fires, and loss of peatlands.</p><p>Human activities are producing record-breaking emissions — atmospheric carbon dioxide hit a 4-million-year high last year — and they are hacking into the planet's sturdiest defenses.</p><p>Spread across 5.5 million square kilometers (2.1 million square miles) in nine countries in South America, the Amazon is still sucking out carbon from the air — but only just.</p><p>Most of the Amazon lies in Brazil, and between 2001 and 2019 the Brazilian Amazon acted as a net <em>emitter</em> of carbon, the study found.</p>
<img lazy-loadable="true" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTU0NjM4My9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY2MDg2MTMxOH0.fD1UsYx2S2FOoYsrLnXM2dsmUOr1FYdF8smCi3OmN_s/img.png?width=980" id="43f89" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="86f62e7cc3f99bf78b5aba4b767b8e07" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="1349" data-height="925" />
<p>Since Jair Bolsonaro became president at the start of 2019, Brazil has seen increased deforestation through clearing land for cattle pastures and through fires. The 2019 fire season raised concerns across the world about the health of the forests in Brazil, but deforestation has been steadily eating away into its green cover for years.</p><p>Of the three great swaths of tropical rainforest left on Earth, only those of the Congo Basin still stand strong.</p><p>Tropical forests grow quickly and absorb the most carbon of any type of forest. During photosynthesis, they use carbon dioxide to produce energy and biomass. Because trees lock away carbon dioxide, when forests are destroyed, not only is this vital function lost, but the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere.</p>
<img lazy-loadable="true" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTU0NjM5MS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY3MTU4NTQzNn0.48bs-bFfeEVUtBgE9eYPGwD-OTdv6ukOZLoq47Lc-f0/img.png?width=980" id="90dbd" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="0238d12f10a377952547696688fe25e1" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="1349" data-height="926" />
<p>Forests are considered a carbon sink when they absorb more carbon dioxide than is released through land-use changes and forest destruction.</p><p>A <u><a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2020/03/tropical-forests-may-flip-into-carbon-sources-sooner-than-feared-study-finds/" target="_blank">2020 study predicted </a></u>the Amazon would turn into a carbon source in the next 15 years.</p><p>What is especially worrying is the loss of pristine swaths of forests that have kept carbon out of the atmosphere for decades, if not centuries. Madagascar, the world's oldest island, has lost nearly 90% of its natural forests in four decades. Since the turn of the century, unlike many African countries, it has turned into a carbon source, according to the analysis.</p><p>"Unlike secondary forests or fast-rotation pine or eucalyptus plantations, harvesting in old-growth forests releases CO2 that has taken centuries to accumulate — carbon that, once lost, is irrecoverable in our lifetime," the paper's authors write.</p><p>Forests lapsing into net producers of carbon emissions is terrible news for the planet, but it is also bad news for the forests themselves. Climate change is known to contribute to intense fire seasons and prolonged droughts that can prove fatal to trees.</p>
<p>One bright spot in the analysis is that more than a quarter of greenhouse gas removal occurred in forests in protected areas. The authors cite the example of the Menkragnotí Indigenous Territory in Brazil, where forests continue to absorb emissions equal to those from 2 million cars every year — even though surrounding forests have turned into net carbon sources. The researchers say mining activities, cattle ranching, and soy cultivation are to blame.</p><p>The research also represents an advancement in carbon accounting. The conventional method is to rely on data from individual countries. The new approach combines satellite data with ground measurements and presents a more refined picture. It evens out calculations on different scales, making it possible to estimate emissions and removals for small forest patches as well as countries and continents.</p>
<p><em>Reposted with permission from <a href="https://news.mongabay.com/2021/01/amazon-is-on-the-brink-of-turning-into-a-carbon-source-study-warns/" target="_blank">Mongabay</a>.</em></p>From Your Site Articles
- Amazon Rainforest Will Collapse by 2064, New Study Predicts ... ›
- Plants Are Decades Away From Absorbing Less Carbon, Study ... ›
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New EU rules could ban the vegan industry from even referencing anything dairy-like or using packaging associated with dairy products. sergeyryzhov / Getty Images
What's in a name? Apparently, a lot. According to the European Union (EU), plant-based, dairy alternatives commonly referred to as almond milk or vegan cheese cannot be marketed as such. New, stricter rules under consideration this week could ban the vegan products from even referencing anything dairy-like or using packaging associated with the dairy industry.
<p>In 2017, the European Court of Justice <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32013R1308" target="_blank">ruled</a> that dairy terms, including milk, cheese, butter and yogurt, could only refer to products derived from an animal, and not plant-based alternatives. A new set of rules, known as <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2019-0198_EN.pdf" target="_blank">Amendment 171</a>, now aim to increase restrictions and make it illegal for plant-based foods to be compared to dairy products at all.</p><p>The so-called "Dairy Ban" passed a final vote in the European parliament in Oct. 2020 by a narrow 54 percent majority, <a href="https://theconversation.com/vegan-dairy-products-face-eu-ban-from-using-milk-cartons-and-yoghurt-pots-and-uk-could-be-next-153564" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> reported. This week, Amendment 171 will be considered for approval by the EU Council of Ministers and the European Commission, The Conversation added. If approved by both, the amendment will become law.</p><p>So, what exactly does Amendment 171 mean for tofu cheese, soy yogurt, vegan butter and other plant-based, dairy-alternative products steadily coming into the mainstream? The new rules would prohibit "imitation or evocation" of dairy products, <a href="https://www.politico.eu/sponsored-content/what-is-amendment-171-and-how-could-it-affect-plant-based-foods/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Politico </a>reported. Interpreted broadly, descriptions such as "creamy," "cheese-alternative," "milk-free" and "does not contain milk" would be illegal, <a href="https://plantbasednews.org/lifestyle/food/oatly-slams-eu-over-dairy-ban/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Plant Based News</a> reported. In the extreme, the rule could even require package redesign, as milk cartons and yogurt cups are most commonly associated with dairy, The Conversation reported.</p><p>Vegan producers would also be prevented from discussing the health or environmental advantages of their plant-based products by comparing them to traditional dairy products. Because of the high carbon footprint of animal products, studies have found that <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/vegan-climate-change-2558286917.html" target="_self">going vegan is the best thing consumers can do for the planet</a>. Indeed, in a 2019 leaked report from the United Nations, climate scientists felt that a <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/vegetarian-climate-change-2639648388.html" target="_self">shift to vegetarian diets is necessary to save the world</a>.</p>
<p>With the proportion of vegans in the EU doubling in the last four years and up to one-third of all consumers self-identifying as "flexitarians" rather than meat-eaters, according to a <a href="https://veganz.com/blog/veganz-nutrition-study-2020/" target="_blank">Veganz survey</a>, the commercial implications of pro-dairy censorship are huge.</p><p>"Given the <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-change/" target="_self">climate crisis</a>, it's irresponsible to try and prevent us from encouraging people to make the switch to plant-based and help protect the planet in the process," Cecilia McAleavey, director of public affairs and sustainable eating for Swedish oat milk brand Oatly, told <a href="https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2021/01/14/How-Oatly-Upfield-and-ProVeg-plan-to-overthrow-Amendment-171" target="_blank">Food Navigator</a>. "People are not stupid — everyone understands that this is an attempt by the dairy lobby to hinder the shift towards sustainable plant-based eating."</p><p>The dairy industry claims that Amendment 171 prevents consumer confusion, reported The Conversation. The use of dairy-related terminology on plant-based products could mislead consumers, the industry argues. Is it either dairy-based or it's not.</p><p>The European Dairy Association told Food Navigator, "Non-dairy products cannot hijack our dairy terms and the well-deserved reputation of excellence in milk and dairy."</p>
<p>The lobby noted that similar laws exist within the EU to protect the national origin of products such as "Champagne" and "Parmigiano," The Conversation reported. A 2017 <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-risk-regulation/article/abs/geographical-indications-food-fraud-and-the-fight-against-italian-sounding-products/E97B0A9C23BD8285FA047D9F8959B20F" target="_blank">Cambridge study</a> called such intentionally ambiguous language "food fraud" meant to "[induce] a false impression on the consumer" and found that such behavior had an increasing economic impact on the continent.</p><p>The vegan-alternative sector claims that its products need to be evaluated against conventional dairy products to showcase health and environmental benefits. Politico argued that a broad application of Amendment 171 could actually censor essential information for consumers suffering from dairy allergies and intolerances. Without terms like "dairy-free" and "milk-alternative," shopping could become needlessly difficult for these people, the report said.</p><p>Packaging changes could also confuse consumers, if, for example, plant-based cheese can no longer be sold as a classic block shape that indicates what it is, as well as its anticipated flavor and texture, Politico said.</p><p>In an <a href="https://www.instagram.com/p/CGuedRNM2aK/?utm_source=ig_embed" target="_blank">Instagram</a> response to Amendment 171, Oatly called its passage a "wacko, incomprehensible direction to take in the middle of a climate crisis." Oatly, Upfield and other plant-based brands launched a petition to overturn Amendment 171, Food Navigator reported. They argue that the ban is counter to the EU's stated goals to improve public health and environmental sustainability, Food Navigator added.</p><p>"Making it illegal to name, package and depict plant-based foods in the way we have done for over 100 years is a serious step backwards," said Upfield's Janette Fielding. "Consumers are looking for strong EU leadership on climate and environment. That means tearing down bureaucratic barriers to sustainable and healthy eating, not building them higher."</p>
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A dementia patient with her guide spends the day at an alpaca farm as therapy in the village of Krukow on April 20, 2017 near Geesthacht, Germany. Morris MacMatzen / Getty Images
Therapeutic riding as occupational therapy, dogs visiting children with learning disabilities in school or hens spending time with seniors in elderly homes – so called animal-assisted interventions are manifold.
<p>But administering treatments by professionally trained therapists and maintaining animal welfare are key, says Dr. Andrea Beetz. She is a psychologist, researcher and teacher and has worked in the field of human-animal interaction for more than 20 years. </p>
<p><strong><em>DW: In what contexts have animal assisted interventions been particularly successful or used ?</em></strong></p><p><strong>Dr. Andrea Beetz:</strong> Animals have been integrated in all kinds of education and therapy for children. Children are very open. They have a natural affinity towards animals. They're curious about them.</p><p>So you can find a lot of school-visiting dogs or animal-assisted education approaches like therapeutic riding for the disabled, for instance.</p><p>We have a lot of success because children who are often tired of being in therapy and being in special kinds of support trainings, they are motivated again to participate in these interventions.<span></span></p><p>Another group that is highly visible in the field of animal-assisted interventions are seniors. One of the earliest interventions was a visiting program with dogs in homes for the elderly.</p><p>These visits were aimed at improving wellbeing, lightening the mood, occupying them, getting their mind off their age and illnesses.</p><p>So dogs are a great distraction and they are also social catalysts. They enable and facilitate conversations between humans.</p>
<p><em><strong>DW: What do we know about the effectiveness of animal-assisted interventions?</strong></em></p><p> <strong>Dr. Beetz: </strong>During the last 10 to 15 years, there have been numerous studies that document very positive effects of animal-assisted interventions.</p><p>For instance, there are several studies documenting that animal-assisted interventions can reduce <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/53-million-germans-suffer-from-depression-each-year/a-46506088" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">depression</a> and <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/psychology-what-are-anxiety-disorders/a-48390054" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">anxiety</a>, they can improve mood, trust and also empathy. They reduce all kinds of stress indicators.</p><p>Blood pressure goes down, heart rate goes down. The levels of the stress hormone cortisol are reduced. And one hormone is especially interesting – the hormone oxytocin – the levels of this hormone increased.</p><p>And you have a lot of positive effects from that because it governs the whole system for calm and connectedness.</p>
<p><em><strong>DW: If one has a pet, does that offer any kind of benefits just on its own?</strong></em></p><p><strong>Dr. Beetz:</strong> I would say yes, if you have <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/covid-demand-for-dogs-and-cats-surges-in-germany/a-56318208" target="_blank">contact with animals</a> or you visit a horse every second day that's on the pasture where you go for a walk, you get some kind of interaction that can have positive effects for you.</p><p>It's not the same as a structured therapy or an educational approach. But yes, if you manage to pet the horse and both of you enjoy it, it can reduce your stress level and you can feel more connected and calm.</p><p>Studies have shown that <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/not-so-aloof-cats-capable-of-strong-bonds-with-humans/a-50562714" target="_blank">pet owners</a> actually are, on average, a bit healthier than non-pet owners. They sleep better. They have better cardiovascular parameters, like blood pressure. They have a higher survival rate after heart attacks. </p>
<p><em><strong>DW: Does that mean that any animal can be used in animal-assisted interventions?</strong></em></p><p><strong>Dr. Beetz: </strong>No. We, at the <a href="https://www.aat-isaat.org/" target="_blank">International Society for Animal-Assisted Therapy</a>, say that only certain species should be used. These species are usually domesticated species like dogs, cats, horses, cows, goats, sheep. But also llamas and alpacas are very popular. They also have a long history of being domesticated by humans.</p><p>This is important because these animals are more used to and they are less stressed by interactions with humans.</p><p>In addition to being a domesticated species, they also need to be well socialized with humans from a young age so that they are not stressed by the interaction and they actually enjoy it.</p><p>This group of animal species are also the most suitable for animal protection reasons. We also do not recommend working with snakes or other kinds of reptiles because there is a risk of salmonella infections.</p><p>So there's a lot of thought behind it. Even though you will find different examples where other species like dolphins are used, this is a wild species. But in the field we say, please keep it to domesticated animals.</p>
<p><em><strong>DW: Are there certain limitations to animal-assisted interventions?</strong></em></p><p><strong>Dr. Beetz:</strong> One exclusion criteria could be that there's a strong allergy to the species involved.</p><p>People who are immunosuppressed or on immunosuppressants due to some kind of sickness are also at higher risk.</p><p>And another reason could be that people are just afraid of certain kinds of animals. Then you really need to consider, if you're going to take the time to first work on that fear and then have the positive effects of animal-assisted interventions, or if another kind of animal-free therapy would be better.</p><p><em><a href="https://www.animalsandsociety.org/human-animal-studies/defining-human-animal-studies-an-asi-video-project/defining-zoophilia-with-andrea-beetz/" target="_blank">Dr. Andrea Beetz</a> works at the IUBH University of Applied Sciences in Germany.</em> <em>Beetz is also active on the board of the International Society for Animal-Assisted Therapy (ISAAT).</em></p><p><span></span><em>The interview was conducted by Mira Fricke for TV and has been edited for clarity. </em></p><p><em></em><em>Reposted with permission from </em><em><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/animals-as-therapists/a-56368730" target="_blank">Deutsche Welle</a>. </em></p>
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The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists' "Doomsday Clock" — an estimate of how close humanity is to the apocalypse — remains at 100 seconds to zero for 2021. Eva Hambach / AFP / Getty Images
By Brett Wilkins
One hundred seconds to midnight. That's how close humanity is to the apocalypse, and it's as close as the world has ever been, according to Wednesday's annual announcement from the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, a group that has been running its "Doomsday Clock" since the early years of the nuclear age in 1947.
<p>Although the scientists cite the COVID-19 pandemic, which has killed 1.7 million people around the world and has "revealed just how unprepared and unwilling countries and the international system are to handle global emergencies properly," they acknowledge that the coronavirus does not pose an existential threat to Homo sapiens.</p><p>However, nuclear weapons and, increasingly, catastrophic global heating caused and exacerbated by human activity — the climate crisis — do. </p>
<div id="50af6" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="a4e6bd206bb6b37ab15f6f67cf4adfa0"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1354453612076822536" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">Nuclear risk is rising as arms control treaties wither and die. Here’s the world of nuclear arms, in one graphic. V… https://t.co/5OE4L5LRps</div> — Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (@Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists)<a href="https://twitter.com/BulletinAtomic/statuses/1354453612076822536">1611761880.0</a></blockquote></div><p>"Accelerating nuclear programs in multiple countries moved the world into less stable and manageable territory last year," the scientists say. "Development of hypersonic glide vehicles, ballistic missile defenses, and weapons-delivery systems that can flexibly use conventional or nuclear warheads may raise the probability of miscalculation in times of tension."</p><p>"Events like the <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/01/06/really-terrifying-stuff-us-senate-lockdown-after-pro-trump-supporters-storm-us" target="_blank">deadly assault</a> earlier this month on the U.S. Capitol renewed legitimate concerns about national leaders who have sole control of the use of nuclear weapons," they say. "Nuclear nations, however, have ignored or undermined practical and available diplomatic and security tools for managing nuclear risks."</p><p>"By our estimation, the potential for the world to stumble into nuclear war — an ever-present danger over the last 75 years — increased in 2020," they conclude. </p>
<div id="d24e5" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="4f3d50928c1a6d2bfe2328ef53d918e4"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1354461702360805376" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">🚨The @BulletinAtomic just updated the Doomsday Clock, and we are PERILOUSLY close to midnight.
May this be a wake… https://t.co/txNJPZPBWE</div> — CODEPINK (@CODEPINK)<a href="https://twitter.com/codepink/statuses/1354461702360805376">1611763809.0</a></blockquote></div><p>Thirty years ago, by contrast, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists set the Doomsday Clock to<a href="https://thebulletin.org/doomsday-clock/past-statements/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> 17 minutes to midnight</a> as the Soviet Union collapsed and the threat of thermonuclear annihilation ebbed to its lowest level since before the United States invented the atomic bomb and waged the only nuclear war in history against Japan in 1945. That was the year that Albert Einstein — who helped develop the first nuclear weapons—and other researchers formed the Bulletin.</p><p>Once again this year, the scientists stress that governments have also "failed to sufficiently address climate change," and although "a pandemic-related economic slowdown temporarily reduced the carbon dioxide emissions that cause global warming," much more needs to be done to rein in planetary warming. </p><p>"Over the coming decade fossil fuel use needs to decline precipitously if the worst effects of climate change are to be avoided," they state. "Instead, fossil fuel development and production are projected to increase. Atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations hit a record high in 2020, one of the two warmest years on record."</p><p>"The <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/09/10/stark-new-visualizations-show-how-climate-change-fueling-worsening-western-wildfires" target="_blank">massive wildfires</a> and <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/11/16/unreal-heartbreaking-experts-highlight-climate-crisis-connection-category-5" target="_blank">catastrophic cyclones</a> of 2020 are illustrations of the major devastation that will only increase if governments do not significantly and quickly amplify their efforts to bring greenhouse gas emissions essentially to zero," they warn.</p>
<div id="22824" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="f3a1bd8137b473f26c85df2a7b4e29a7"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1354457512058228741" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">Governments around the world failed to take sufficient action to address the carbon dioxide emissions that cause cl… https://t.co/Xv6AkEYf7D</div> — Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (@Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists)<a href="https://twitter.com/BulletinAtomic/statuses/1354457512058228741">1611762810.0</a></blockquote></div><p>Another warning came in the form of the scientists' condemnation of what they call the "threat multiplier" of "false and misleading information," both online and in more traditional media.</p><p>"This wanton disregard for science and the large-scale embrace of conspiratorial nonsense — often <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/12/10/trump-inciting-domestic-terrorism" target="_blank">driven</a> by political figures and partisan media — undermined the ability of responsible national and global leaders to protect the security of their citizens," the scientists posit. "<a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/11/11/no-evidence-support-trumps-election-fraud-claims-new-york-times-finds" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">False conspiracy theories</a> about a 'stolen' presidential election led to rioting that resulted in the death of five people and the first hostile occupation of the U.S. Capitol since 1814."</p><p>"In 2020, online lying literally killed," they write. </p>
<div id="a79f2" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="a19ff41c054d5b79aba92b60e288a764"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1354461561138651137" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">The COVID-19 pandemic has spawned what the @WHO has called an “infodemic” of mis- & disinformation. Here, the desig… https://t.co/RAFb6SDTTF</div> — Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (@Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists)<a href="https://twitter.com/BulletinAtomic/statuses/1354461561138651137">1611763775.0</a></blockquote></div><p>However, this year's report is not all gloom and doom. </p><p>"The election of a U.S. president who acknowledges climate change as a profound threat and supports international cooperation and science-based policy puts the world on a better footing to address global problems," the scientists assert. "For example, the United States has already <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/paris-climate-agreement/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">announced</a> it is rejoining the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Biden administration has <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/01/21/hugely-consequential-first-move-biden-offers-extend-nuclear-start-treaty-russia" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">offered</a> to extend the New START arms control agreement with Russia for five years."</p><p>"In the context of a post-pandemic return to relative stability, more such demonstrations of renewed interest in and respect for science and multilateral cooperation could create the basis for a safer and saner world," they write.</p><p>"We continue to believe that human beings can manage the dangers posed by modern technology, even in times of crisis," the researchers conclude. "But if humanity is to avoid an existential catastrophe — one that would dwarf anything it has yet seen — national leaders must do a far better job of countering disinformation, heeding science, and cooperating to diminish global risks."</p><p>Ultimately, the scientists say, it's up to "citizens around the world" to "organize and demand — through public protests, at ballot boxes, and in other creative ways — that their governments reorder their priorities and cooperate domestically and internationally to reduce the risk of nuclear war, climate change, and other global disasters, including pandemic disease."</p><p><span></span><em>Reposted with permission from <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/01/27/100-seconds-midnight-doomsday-clock-reveals-humanity-closer-ever-apocalypse" target="_blank">Common Dreams</a>. </em></p>
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