Marijuana edibles like these gummy bears may come with a higher risk than previously thought. Jamie Grill / Getty Images
Consuming marijuana edibles may not be as risk-free as some like to believe, Canadian doctors argue.
<p>There is still much left to be discovered about marijuana and its effects. Cannabis edibles take an average of around four hours longer to produce noticeable effects when compared to inhaled cannabis, which the authors of a commentary titled <em><a href="https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/1/E1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles</a></em> argue can lead to its overconsumption. Furthermore, the effects of cannabis consumption can last up to eight hours, leading to a much longer period of impairment. These factors create a heightened risk in "cannabis-naïve individuals" like children, older people or pets who may mistake edibles for candy or other food.</p><p><em>Cannabis sativa </em>is a plant that contains more than 80 different naturally occurring compounds called "cannabinoids," most well-known are cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), according to the <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-cannabis-research-and-drug-approval-process" target="_blank">U.S. Federal Drug Administration</a>. Marijuana edibles are products containing CBD or THC made for ingestion, which produce a variety of effects depending on the dosage, chemical makeup and individual response to the product. </p><p><br/></p>
<p>"Although edibles are commonly viewed as a safer and more desirable alternative to smoked or vaped cannabis, physicians and the public should be aware of several risks related to the use of cannabis edibles," <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-01/cmaj-cep123019.php" target="_blank">wrote</a> by physicians <a href="https://doctors.cpso.on.ca/DoctorDetails/Grewal-Jasleen/0328544-119051" target="_blank">Jasleen Grewal</a> and <a href="http://www.dlsph.utoronto.ca/faculty-profile/loh-lawrence-c/" target="_blank">Lawrence Loh</a> in the commentary published in the <a href="https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/1/E1" target="_blank">Canadian Medical Association Journal</a>. </p><p>In 2018, the northern nation became the first major world economy to legalize recreational marijuana in what that was likened to the ending of alcohol prohibition in the U.S, reported <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/world/canada/marijuana-pot-cannabis-legalization.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The New York Times</a>. In October of last year, Canada amended its cannabis regulations to authorize the legal production and sale of cannabis edibles.</p><p>In light of these new regulations, the use of marijuana is prevalent. A <a href="http://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190815/t005a-eng.htm" target="_blank">2019 National Cannabis Survey</a> found that more than one-in-four respondents in Canada had used cannabis in the previous three months and consumed edibles. By comparison, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuna-us-adults/one-in-seven-us-adults-used-marijuana-in-2017-idUSKCN1LC2B7" target="_blank">Reuters</a> reports that one-in-seven American adults reported using marijuana in 2017. However, that proportion went up dramatically for respondents who lived in states where marijuana was completely legal.</p>
<p>As of the beginning of this year, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1" target="_blank">Business Insider</a> reports there are 11 states with both legalized recreational and medical marijuana for adults over the age of 21, and 33 states that allow marijuana for medicinal purposes. However, legislation regarding the distribution, sale, use and growing largely vary between state governments and federal prohibition is still in effect, which means that in the U.S. there little regulatory oversight when it comes to safety regulations and consumer cautions. (Though <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarabrittanysomerset/2019/11/18/us-lawmakers-to-vote-on-more-act-to-end-federal-cannabis-prohibition/#1c9c990e423c" target="_blank">Forbes</a> reports that there have been congressional moves in recent months to legalize marijuana at a federal level.)</p><p>"After legalization of cannabis edibles in Colorado, the state poison control center saw a 70 percent increase in calls for accidental cannabis exposure in children from 2013 to 2017, and studies of health care usage reported more children than adults being treated for ingestion incidents," write the authors. </p><p>The authors argue that information available on edibles can be misleading and may run counter to what evidence suggests. A recent survey by the <a href="https://www.ccsa.ca/canadian-youth-perceptions-cannabis-report" target="_blank">Canadian Center on Substance Use and Addiction</a> found that younger consumers believe that cannabis edibles have a positive effect on mood, anxiety and sleep. Though the controversial plant has been linked to <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/medical-marijuana-2018011513085" target="_blank">health benefits</a> for many conditions, long-term consumption is also associated with <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127591" target="_blank">adverse effects</a> like panic attacks and psychosis. </p>
<p>The authors do not suggest banning marijuana, but instead argue that doctors and consumers should be aware of the effects of marijuana and should follow federal regulations regarding its use.</p><p>"Physicians should routinely question patients who ask about cannabis about their use or intended use of edible cannabis products so that they can counsel these patients regarding child safety, potential for accidental overconsumption and delayed effects, and potential for interactions with other substances such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, sleeping aids and opioids," caution the authors.</p><p>Additionally, the authors note that state efforts should continue to monitor cannabis use and continue evaluating the effects of legalized edibles to ensure that regulations are met and the most vulnerable groups are protected. </p>
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Why Can’t Veterans Get Medical Marijiuana for PTSD When People (and Even Dogs) Can in 33 States?
11 November 2019
Health + Wellness
A military police officer in Charlotte, North Carolina, pets Rosco, a post-traumatic stress disorder companion animal certified to accompany him, on Jan. 11, 2014. North Carolina National Guard
For 21 years, Doug Distaso served his country in the United States Air Force.
He commanded joint aviation, maintenance, and support personnel globally and served as a primary legislative affairs lead for two U.S. Special Operations Command leaders.
But after an Air Force plane accident left him with a traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic pain, Distaso was placed on more than a dozen prescription medications by doctors at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA).
<p>"I was taking everything from opioids and antidepressants to benzodiazepines and sleeping pills," Distaso told Healthline. "Like countless other veterans, this combat cocktail of drugs I was prescribed quickly threw my life into a tailspin, affecting my ability to perform at work and straining my relationships at home."</p><p>Distaso says that living his life in a prescription pill-induced, zombie-like state left his wife and family pleading with him on Christmas morning to come back to them.</p><p>"What brought me back to my family, my career, and myself was medical cannabis. It helped me get off the pills and back in control of every facet of my life," Distaso said.</p><p>"Sadly, for millions of veterans who rely solely on their VA healthcare benefits, federal law ties the hands of their VA doctors and cruelly denies these veterans access to medical cannabis as a treatment option," he said.</p><p>Distaso now works for his fellow veterans as executive director of the <a href="https://www.vetscp.org/" target="_blank">Veterans Cannabis Project</a>, which advocates for veterans' cannabis access, education of policymakers, and support for veterans who are seeking treatment options beyond the opiates and other addictive drugs they can get from the VA.</p><p>"It is time for Congress to authorize doctors at the VA to recommend and assist veterans in accessing medical cannabis and require the VA to research the impacts of cannabis on common veterans' health issues," Distaso said.</p>
<h2>The VA Denial of Cannabis</h2><p>On the VA's website, marijuana use is still <a href="https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/cooccurring/marijuana_ptsd_vets.asp" target="_blank">labeled</a> as harmful to veterans.</p><p>"Marijuana use for medical conditions is an issue of growing concern," the VA states.</p><p>Marijuana also remains on the <a href="https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/marijuana/Maintaining%20Marijuana%20in%20Schedule%20I%20of%20the%20Controlled%20Substances%20Act.pdf" target="_blank">Schedule I list</a> under the Controlled Substances Act, the same level as heroin.</p><p>According to the VA website, "controlled studies have not been conducted to evaluate the safety or effectiveness of medical marijuana for PTSD. Thus, there is no evidence at this time that marijuana is an effective treatment for PTSD."</p><p>However, the tide has turned nationally in terms of the attitude toward marijuana, especially for medicinal purposes.</p><p>Despite the unavailability of medicinal marijuana at the VA, veterans nationwide are using cannabis to deal with their PTSD symptoms such as anxiety and depression as well as chronic pain.</p><p>And a growing number of scientific studies are showing the <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/medical-marijuana-2018011513085" target="_blank">medicinal properties of cannabis</a>.</p><p>On its website, VA downplays the widespread acceptance of marijuana in the U.S., stating that "several" states have approved the use of marijuana for medical and/or recreational use.</p><p>It's actually far more than "several."</p><p>To date, <a href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx" target="_blank">33 states</a> and the District of Columbia have enacted medical marijuana laws that allow eligible people to obtain or grow cannabis to treat a range of conditions.</p><p>Additionally, there are <a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/8/20/17938358/marijuana-legalization-decriminalization-states-map" target="_blank">15 states </a>that have decriminalized marijuana and <a href="https://www.esquire.com/lifestyle/a21719186/all-states-that-legalized-weed-in-us/" target="_blank">11 states</a> and the District of Columbia have legalized recreational marijuana.</p><p>Results of a <a href="https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000016e-3d52-ddf0-ad6e-bfd38a2a0000" target="_blank">new poll</a> from Politico and Harvard's T.H. Chan School of Public Health show that Americans now think marijuana is much less harmful than alcohol, tobacco, or e-cigarettes.</p><p>In the survey, 1 in 5 Americans said they believe marijuana is very harmful to people who use it. Twice as many said the same about alcohol, 52 percent characterized e-cigarettes as very harmful, and 80 percent said tobacco cigarettes are very harmful.</p><p>And more than 6 in 10 U.S. adults said they favor changing federal law to legalize marijuana for recreational use.</p><p>It's the third national survey released within the past month showing strong majority support among Americans for legalizing marijuana.</p><p>In addition, almost all of the Democratic presidential candidates agree on removing marijuana from the federal list of controlled substances.</p><p>And veterans and the American public in general overwhelmingly support medicinal cannabis for veterans.</p><p>In a 2017 <a href="https://www.legion.org/veteranshealthcare/239814/survey-shows-veteran-households-support-research-medical-cannabis" target="_blank">survey</a> by the American Legion, 92 percent of veterans said they supported research into medical cannabis and 83 percent support legalizing medical cannabis.</p>
<h2>New Study on PTSD and Cannabis</h2><p>A <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881119882806?journalCode=jopa&" target="_blank">new study</a> published last week concludes that cannabis may already be helping Canadians cope with the symptoms of depression and thoughts of suicide in people with PTSD.</p><p>In an analysis of health survey data collected from more than 24,000 Canadians, researchers from the British Columbia Centre on Substance Use (BCCSU) and University of British Columbia concluded that people who have PTSD but do not medicate with cannabis are far more likely to suffer from severe depression and have suicidal thoughts than those who reported cannabis use over the past year.</p><p>The authors concluded that the study provides preliminary evidence that "cannabis use may contribute to reducing the association between post-traumatic stress disorder and severe depressive and suicidal states."</p><p>Stephanie Lake, a research assistant at the BCCSU who led the study, <a href="https://www.newsweek.com/cannabis-depression-suicidal-thoughts-ptsd-1470003" target="_blank">told Newsweek</a>:</p><p>"We know that with limited treatment options for PTSD, many patients have taken to medicating with cannabis to alleviate their symptoms. However, this is the first time that results from a nationally representative survey have shown the potential benefits of treating the disorder with cannabis."</p><p>This analysis is the first to document the relationships between PTSD, cannabis use, and severe mental health outcomes in a sample representative of the population.</p><p>And it begs the question: If a Canadian health survey looked at PTSD and cannabis and came to this conclusion, where is the VA on this issue, which affects as many as <a href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/nearly-30-of-vets-treated-by-va-have-ptsd" target="_blank">30 percent</a> of the American men and women who served in the wars since the September 2001 terrorist attacks?</p>
<h2>Veterans Group Supports Medical Cannabis</h2><p><a href="https://iava.org/people/lindsay-rodman/" target="_blank">Lindsay Rodman</a>, a Marine veteran who served in Afghanistan, is now executive vice president of communications and legal strategy at Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA), the country's largest veteran service organization for post-9/11 war veterans.</p><p>She told Healthline that while the VA says it is not allowed to do research, that isn't true.</p><p>"They just have to coordinate with other agencies. Just do it," Rodman said.</p><p>As a nonpartisan group, Rodman says, "IAVA believes it is important that both sides of the aisle take these issues more seriously."</p><p>IAVA's most recent annual national survey showed that 1 in 5 of its members use medical marijuana, according to Rodman.</p><p>But fewer than one-third of those veterans said they mentioned this to their doctor because of the stigma attached to marijuana use.</p><p>Veterans have legitimate fear of reprisals at VA and in the workforce, where one can lose a job for testing positively for pot.</p><p>"We have found anecdotally that in parts of the country where the use of cannabis is less stigmatized, such as San Francisco, they can have an open conversation with the VA physicians," Rodman said. "But in parts of the country where it is still illegal, such as Georgia, providers are more skeptical or judgmental and it shuts up the veteran, and then the veterans do not communicate openly with their provider, and that is dangerous."</p>
<h2>Why the VA Won't Budge</h2><p>The biggest hurdle for veterans seeking cannabis at the VA is that it is still on that Schedule I list of controlled substances.</p><p>This means that cannabis still is identified by the federal government as having "no acceptable medical use [and a] high potential for abuse" and risk for arrest with use.</p><p>The VA considers all forms of marijuana illegal, meaning veterans can't get help accessing medical marijuana from their VA doctors and have to get it on their own.</p><p>During a recent Congressional hearing exploring bills that would allow for expanded access to medical marijuana for veterans, VA representatives reaffirmed their position opposing such policies as long as marijuana remains illegal at the federal level.</p><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/susan-carter-48274440/" target="_blank">Susan Carter</a>, director of media relations at the VA, told Healthline that her agency is "committed to improving treatment options for veterans and supports research into potential treatment options that may prove valuable."</p><p>Carter explains that federal law restricts the VA's ability to conduct research with Schedule I controlled substances, including marijuana.</p><p>She adds that conducting any VA research using Schedule I controlled substances "would involve interactions with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health , National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)."</p><p>She says that these requirements include "review of an investigational new drug application and approval of the research protocol by the FDA; an investigator registration and site licensure by the DEA; and obtaining the medical drug through NIDA and the nationally approved medical marijuana production laboratory."</p><p>"The restrictions contained in federal law are clear. Some research is allowed, but must be done in conjunction with the aforementioned federal entities," Carter said. "If Congress wants to facilitate more federal research into Schedule I controlled substances such as marijuana, it can always choose to eliminate these restrictions."</p><p>Multiple sources tell Healthline that it isn't just Congress, but the president who can reschedule marijuana and make it available to veterans and make it easier to study by VA scientists.</p><p>The executive branch rescheduling is a complicated process involving the FDA and the DEA, among other federal agencies, but multiple sources tell Healthline that it is indeed possible for the president to reschedule a drug.</p><p>Despite stating at times that he supports marijuana legalization, President Trump has not yet removed cannabis from Schedule I status.</p>
<h2>Former VA Secretary Wants More Research</h2><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidshulkin/" target="_blank">Dr. David Shulkin</a>, a physician who was secretary of the VA from early 2017 until March 28, 2018, when he was removed by President Trump, says the president can reschedule marijuana.</p><p>"There was a change in 2014 when the Drug Enforcement Administration changed hydrocodone combination products from III to Schedule II," Shulkin told Healthline. "It has been done before and that is the executive branch. Does the White House usually get involved at that level? No, they don't. But there is a process to change that. The White House could weigh in on this and the FDA and DEA would follow the normal process."</p><p>Shulkin says that the VA has an obligation to study cannabis.</p><p>"It's a little bit strange that marijuana is Schedule I and cocaine is Schedule II," Shulkin said. "To say there is no medicinal value or application in cannabinoids is just not true."</p><p>Shulkin says there is "already an FDA-approved drug, which is a cannabinoid, for pediatric epilepsy. It is on the market."</p><p>Approved by the FDA in June 2018, <a href="https://www.epilepsy.com/medications/cannabidiol-oral-solution" target="_blank">Epidiolex</a>, is the first drug derived from the cannabis plant in the U.S. to reach local pharmacies.</p><p>"I believe there are also some applications accepted for increasing appetite in chemotherapy patients and others," said Shulkin.</p><p>He added that when he led the VA, he was told the agency wasn't allowed to even discuss cannabis with veterans and was not allowed to do research.</p><p>But he later learned that this was not true.</p><p>"We can talk to our patients about it. We just can't prescribe the cannabis," said Shulkin, who writes about his evolving view on medicinal cannabis in his new book, "<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Shouldnt-This-Hard-Serve-Country/dp/1541762657" target="_blank">It Shouldn't Be This Hard to Serve Your Country: Our Broken Government and the Plight of Veterans</a><em>.</em>"</p><p>"We can do research at the VA, but unfortunately the barriers and bureaucracy you have to go through are lengthy and painful," he said. "I can now more effectively articulate the view that Congress is the most likely player to help in streamlining research. And yes, it needs to be done."</p>
<h2>Medical Marijuana Research</h2><p>The Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research (CMCR) at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine is the nation's oldest research center for scientific inquiry into the safety and efficacy of cannabis.</p><p>CMCR recently <a href="https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/uc-san-diegos-center-for-medicinal-cannabis-research-awards-grants-for-five-novel-studies" target="_blank">announced</a> five new grants worth a total of $3 million to explore the efficacy and safety of medical cannabis as a supplementary or alternative treatment for schizophrenia, rheumatoid arthritis, insomnia, alcohol dependence, and anxiety linked to anorexia.</p><p>Research done by CMCR has also shown cannabis to be effective for relieving pain, but there is no such research at CMCR when it comes to studying cannabis for PTSD.</p><p>The center, which is directly linked to the VA's regional office in San Diego, does not have any current studies looking at cannabis and PTSD.</p>
<h2>Legislation Is Not Moving</h2><p>Members of Congress have tried to push for new legislation to make medical marijuana available to veterans at the VA. But without success.</p><p>Below are just some of the bills that have not moved forward:</p><p>The <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1647/all-info" target="_blank">Veterans Equal Access Act</a> would allow VA health providers to recommend medical marijuana to their veteran patients and fill out the necessary paperwork for them to enroll in state marijuana programs.</p><p>The <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/712/all-info" target="_blank">VA Medicinal Cannabis Research Act</a> would direct the VA to conduct a large-scale clinical trial on the effects of cannabis on conditions such as PTSD and chronic pain.</p><p>The <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/5520" target="_blank">VA Medicinal Cannabis Research Act of 2018</a> would support scientific and medical research into medicinal cannabis for veterans diagnosed with PTSD, TBI, chronic pain, and other illnesses and injuries by clarifying that research into medicinal cannabis is within the authority of the VA.</p><p>And the <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/3409" target="_blank">Veterans Medical Marijuana Safe Harbor Act </a>would enable VA physicians to issue medical cannabis recommendations in accordance with the laws of states where medical cannabis is legal.</p><p>The Safe Harbor Act would also require VA to conduct studies on the effects of medical marijuana on veterans in pain and the relationship between treatment programs involving medical marijuana that are approved by states, the access of veterans to such programs, and a reduction in opioid abuse among veterans.</p>
<h2>Ok for Dogs but Not Veterans?</h2><p><span></span>Rodman says it is absurd that Americans in the majority of states now have access to medicinal marijuana but America's veterans do not.<br></p><p>"I have a friend who is not a veteran and does not know too much about veteran issues, and he receives medical marijuana for his dog's anxiety," Rodman said. "He was shocked when I told him that while he can get medicinal marijuana for his dog, a veteran cannot get the same treatment at the VA."</p><p>IAVA is an outspoken advocate for veterans who seek medicinal marijuana.</p><p>Rodman believes that while there is not currently a large appetite in Washington, D.C., for this issue, there is outside the Beltway.</p><p>"I think it's actually a Washington, DC, echo chamber, it is circular logic," Rodman said. "We at IAVA are convinced there is a national appetite for this issue, but politicians in DC only hear themselves and continue to assume that there isn't."</p>
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Marijuana Is More Than Just THC: A Look at the Untapped Healing Compounds
17 March 2019
Insights + Opinion
TorriPhoto / Moment / Getty Images
By James David Adams
Medical marijuana is legal in 33 states as of November 2018. Yet the federal government still insists marijuana has no legal use and is easy to abuse. In the meantime, medical marijuana dispensaries have an increasing array of products available for pain, anxiety, sex and more.
The glass counters and their jars of products in the dispensary resemble an 18th century pharmacy. Many strains for sale have evocative and magical names like Blue Dream, Bubba Kush and Chocolope. But what does it all mean? Are there really differences in the medical qualities of the various strains? Or, are the different strains with the fanciful names all just advertising gimmicks?
<p>
I am a professor in the University of Southern California School of Pharmacy. I have lived in California a long time and remember the Haight-Ashbury Summer of Love. While in graduate school, I worked with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shulgin" target="_blank">Prof. Alexander Shulgin</a>, the father of designer drugs, who taught me the chemistry of medicinal plants. Afterwards, while a professor at USC, I learned <a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh072" target="_blank">Chumash healing</a> from a Native American Chumash healer for 14 years from 1998 until 2012. She taught me how to make medicines from Californian plants, but not marijuana, which is not native to the U.S. Currently, I am teaching a course in medical marijuana to pharmacy students.
</p><p>
If there is one thing about marijuana that is certain: In small doses it can boost libido in men and women, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/all-about-sex/201808/the-largest-best-studies-yet-sex-and-marijuana" target="_blank">leading to more sex</a>. But can marijuana really be used for medical conditions?
</p>
<p>
<em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/james-david-adams-702439" style="" target="_blank">James David Adams</a> is an Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Southern California.</em>
</p><p>
<em style="">Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://theconversation.com/marijuana-is-a-lot-more-than-just-thc-a-pharmacologist-looks-at-the-untapped-healing-compounds-112935" style="" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.</em>
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What are Cannabinoids?
<p>New research is revealing that marijuana is more than just a source of cannabinoids, chemicals that may bind to cannabinoid receptors in our brains, which are used to get high. The most well-known is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Marijuana is a particularly rich source of medicinal compounds that we have only begun to explore. In order to harness the full potential of the compounds in this plant, society needs to overcome misconceptions about marijuana and look at what research clearly says about the medical value.</p><p><span></span>The FDA has already made some moves in this direction by approving prescription drugs that come from marijuana including dronabinol, nabilone, nabiximols and cannabidiol. Dronabinol and nabilone are cannabinoids that are used for nausea. Nabiximols — which contain THC, the compound most responsible for marijuana's high and cannabidiol, which does not induce a high — are used to treat <a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Multiple-Sclerosis-Information-Page" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a>. Cannabidiol, or <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/cbd">CBD</a>, is also used to <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/06/26/fda-approves-first-cbd-oil-derived-marijuana-treat-epilepsy/733567002/" target="_blank">treat some types of epilepsy</a>.</p><p>Marijuana, originally from the Altai Mountains in Central and East Asia, contains at <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.004" target="_blank">least 85 cannabinoids</a> and <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.004" target="_blank">27 terpenes</a>, fragrant oils that are produced by many herbs and flowers that may be active, drug-like compounds. THC is the cannabinoid everyone wants in order to get high. It is produced from THC acid — which constitutes up to 25 percent of the plant's dry weight — by smoking or baking any part of the marijuana plant.</p><p>THC mimics a naturally occurring neurotransmitter called <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Anandamide" target="_blank">anandamide</a> that works as a signaling molecule in the brain. Anandamide attaches to proteins in the brain called cannabinoid receptors, which then send signals related to pleasure, memory, thinking, perception and coordination, to name a few. THC works by hijacking these natural cannabinoid receptors, triggering a profound high.</p><p>Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, another cannabinoid, can constitute up to 10 percent of the dry weight. It is converted to another compound that probably contributes to a high, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tetrahydrocannabivarin" target="_blank">tetrahydrocannabivarin</a>, when smoked or ingested in baked goods. Potent varieties like Doug's Varin and Tangie may contain even higher concentrations.</p>Medical Properties of Marijuana
<p>But not all cannabinoids make you high. Cannabidiol, a cannabinoid similar to THC, and its acid are also present in marijuana, especially in certain varieties. But these do not cause euphoria. The cannabidiol molecule interacts with a variety of receptors — including cannabinoid and serotonin receptors and transient receptor potential cation channels (TRP) – <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00379-8" target="_blank">to reduce seizures</a>, combat anxiety and produce other effects.</p><p>Marijuana also contains several monoterpenoids — small, aromatic molecules — that have a wide range of activities <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5101045" target="_blank">including pain</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.11.004" target="_blank">anxiety relief and that work by inhibiting TRP channels.</a></p><p>Myrcene is the most abundant monoterpenoid, a type or terpene, in marijuana. It <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587690" target="_blank">can relax muscles</a>. Other terpenes such as pinene, linalool, limonene and the sesquiterpene, beta-caryophyllene are <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/5/10/1045" target="_blank">pain relievers, especially when applied directly to the skin</a> as a liniment. Some of these terpenes may add to the high when marijuana is smoked.</p>What Do All These Varieties Do?
<p>Many different varieties of marijuana are on the market and are alleged to treat a range of diseases. The FDA has no oversight for these claims, since the FDA does not recognize marijuana as a legal product.</p><p>Strains of marijuana are grown that produce more THC than cannadidiol or vice versa. Other varieties have abundant monoterpenoids. How do you know that the strain you choose is legitimate with probable medical benefits? Each strain should <a href="https://b2b.gocaliva.com/what-is-cannabis-certificate-of-analysis-coa-california/" target="_blank">have a certificate of analysis</a> that shows you how much of each active compound is present in the product you buy. Many states have a bureau of cannabis control that verifies these certificates of analysis. However, many certificates of analysis do not show the monoterpenoids present in the marijuana. The analysis of monoterpenoids is difficult since they evaporate from the plant material. If you are looking for a strain high in myrcene or linalool, ask for proof.</p><p>Marijuana can improve several conditions, but it can also make others worse and can have nasty side effects.</p><p>As recreational use has become more widespread, <a href="http://doi.org/10.14309/crj.2018.3" target="_blank">marijuana hyperemesis syndrome</a> is becoming more of a problem in our society. Some people vomit uncontrollably after smoking marijuana regularly. It can be <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494183" target="_blank">treated</a> by rubbing a cream made from capsaicin, from chili peppers, on the abdomen. Capsaicin cream is available in pharmacies.</p><p>Also, high THC varieties of marijuana, such as Royal Gorilla and Fat Banana, can <a href="http://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17r11839" target="_blank">cause anxiety and even psychosis</a> in some people.</p><p>Researchers have also shown that anxiety can be effectively treated with strains that have more cannabidiol and linalool. It may be best to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796018000239" target="_blank">rub a cannabidiol balm or lotion on your cheeks to relieve anxiety</a>.</p><p>Other conditions that studies have shown are improved by marijuana are: <a href="http://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0530" target="_blank">cancer induced nausea</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2303" target="_blank">Type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00379-8" target="_blank">two forms of epilepsy</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">HIV-induced weight gain</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0009" target="_blank">irritable bowel syndrome</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1673" target="_blank">migraines</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2012.721765" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13146" target="_blank">osteoarthritis</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kei183" target="_blank">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">pain</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">chronic pain</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-014-0212-3" target="_blank">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">sleep disorders</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25264643" target="_blank">traumatic brain injury</a>.</p><p>For some of these conditions, studies show that eating or topically applying marijuana products rather than smoking is recommended.</p><p>Clearly, more research is needed from the scientific community to help guide the appropriate, safe use of marijuana. However, the FDA does not recognize the use of medical marijuana. This makes funding for research on marijuana difficult to find. Perhaps the cannabis industry should consider funding scientific research on marijuana. But conflicts of interest may become a concern as we have seen with drug company-sponsored studies.</p>
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By Jenny Wilkerson and Lance McMahon
Cannabidiol or CBD, has become a household name. On many social media sites, people suggest "but have you tried CBD oil?" on posts pertaining to any health-related issue.
<p>
CBD, a minor constituent of marijuana, is widely touted as <a href="https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/what-are-the-effects-of-cbd" target="_blank">nature's miracle by CBD enthusiasts</a>. It does not get people high, unlike marijuana's main constituent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, given the recent surge in its popularity, you'd think the molecule is magic.
</p><p>
We are behavioral pharmacology scientists, and we study how drugs act on the body. Specifically, we have an interest in developing <a href="https://addictionresearch.health.ufl.edu/faculty/jenny-l-wilkerson-ph-d/" target="_blank">new drugs for the treatment of pain</a> that possess lessened drug abuse potential, and <a href="https://addictionresearch.health.ufl.edu/faculty/lance-mcmahon/" target="_blank">therapeutic interventions for drug abuse</a>. Although there is scientific interest in the use of CBD for both pain and drug addiction, as well as many other medical indications, there is a lot that we still do not know about CBD.
</p><h2>CBD and THC: How Do They Work?</h2><p>
Drugs affect the body by binding and acting at various protein molecules, usually on the surface of the cells in the body, called receptors. These receptors then send signals that can impact bodily functions.
</p><p>
Marijuana has an effect on the body because many animals have receptors termed "cannabinoid receptors." There are two known cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for the effects of marijuana. Only one of them, the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), is responsible for the high from marijuana. These cannabinoid receptors are predominately found on nerve cells located throughout the body, including the brain.
</p><p>
CBD doesn't get people high because CBD does not <a href="http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/34/5/605.long" target="_blank">bind or act on CB1R</a>. CBD also does not bind or act on the other cannabinoid receptor, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442754" target="_blank">the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), predominately found on immune cells</a>. In contrast, THC binds and activates both of these receptors.
</p><p>
Studies indicate that CBD does, however, act on several other types of receptors. These include the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, which can help regulate <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079201901741" target="_blank">sleep</a>, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-010-2097-z" target="_blank">mood</a>, <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/95/18/10734.short" target="_blank">anxiety</a> and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1385/MN:30:2:117" target="_blank">pain</a>. CBD may also indirectly alter the body's own cannabinoid receptor activity.
</p><p>
However, scientists do not yet understand the exact manner in which CBD acts on the body. Likewise, many health-related anecdotal claims pertaining to CBD are not founded on solid scientific evidence, and may be due to well-documented <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/mental-health/the-power-of-the-placebo-effect" target="_blank">placebo effects</a>.
</p><p>
There is strong evidence, however, that CBD has enduring health benefits in the treatment of intractable epilepsy.
</p><h2>Charlotte's Web</h2><p>
It has been nearly six years since <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/07/health/charlotte-child-medical-marijuana/index.html" target="_blank">the story of the Charlotte's Web strain of marijuana</a> broke into national and international media. This strain of marijuana was named after Charlotte Figi, who struggled with intractable pediatric epilepsy until she was given oil extracted from the strain, which contains a higher CBD-to-THC content.
</p><p>
Charlotte's father saw an online video of a child from California with seizures who was being treated successfully with marijuana. As it turns out, the active compound that was helping Charlotte was not THC but CBD.
</p><p>
Based upon clinical evidence, GW Pharmaceuticals developed and licensed its own CBD extract, a drug now called Epidiolex. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673618301363?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">Clinical trials</a> with Epidiolex for the indications of Dravet syndrome and Lennox Gastaut syndrome, two forms of pediatric epilepsy, were resoundingly positive.
</p><p>
In June 2018, the Food and Drug Administration approved Epidiolex for treatment of these two forms of epilepsy in children that have not responded to other treatments.
</p><p>
Meanwhile, as the clinical trials for Epidiolex were underway, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/139/8/2164/1753701" target="_blank">a landmark study from Indiana University</a> demonstrated a possible mechanism for CBD's astounding effects on Dravet and Lennox Gastaut syndromes. These two syndromes are associated with genetic mutations in two genes that are important in the regulation of sodium ions.
</p><h2>A Specific Understanding</h2><p>
Nerve cells regulate the way they send signals by how ions, or molecules with either an overall positive or negative electric charge, flow in and out of their cells. The most common ions that regulate nerve cell signaling are sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride. These ions move in and out of the cell via pores known as ion channels.
</p><p>
In many forms of epilepsy, however, the movement of ions is not properly controlled. This leads to aberrant firing of the brain's nerve cells and seizure activity.
</p><p>
In both forms of the epilepsy for which CBD is effective, there are alterations in the channels that control the flow of sodium in and out of nerve cells, or what is called a "sodium channelopathy."
</p><p>
The study from Indiana University found that CBD can directly inhibit the aberrant flow of sodium ions in nerve cells that have sodium channelopathies. Importantly, CBD does not seem to impact the flow of sodium in healthy nerve cells.
</p><p>
Although CBD has marked effects on these sodium channelopathies, this does not mean that CBD will produce meaningful benefits to other forms of epilepsy.
</p><p>
Other forms of epilepsy are linked to regulation problems related to the flow of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5733250/" target="_blank">potassium ions</a> in cells. This type of pediatric epilepsy is resistant to all known therapeutics, including CBD.
</p><h2>A Potential Pain Therapeutic?</h2><p>
There are also claims that CBD can be used to address pain. And indeed, mounting evidence in pre-clinical laboratory studies show that CBD may be of use for the treatment and prevention of neuropathic pain, or an amplified response that may be due to nerve cell damage. In a mouse model of this type of pain, CBD injections <a href="https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.12439" target="_blank">prevented</a> and <a href="https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.13887" target="_blank">reversed the development of one hallmark sign of neuropathic pain</a>, called <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4281368/" target="_blank">mechanical allodynia</a>. This is the sensation of pain due to a non-noxious stimulus, such as the feeling of clothing on an area of skin that has a sunburn. A new study from McGill University in Montreal, Canada, shows that <a href="https://journals.lww.com/pain/fulltext/2019/01000/Cannabidiol_modulates_serotonergic_transmission.16.aspx" target="_blank">oral administration of CBD</a> produces these same effects in rats with a similar type of pain.
</p><p>
In both of these studies, the scientists discovered that these effects are likely due to actions at serotonin receptors. A study from scientists at the University of Kentucky suggested that CBD applied to the skin, or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851925/" target="_blank">transdermal CBD, may reduce inflammation in a rat model of arthritis</a>.
</p><p>
However, additional studies from the laboratory at Temple University show that <a href="https://journals.lww.com/behaviouralpharm/Abstract/2015/04000/Distinct_interactions_of_cannabidiol_and_morphine.7.aspx" target="_blank">CBD does not work for all types of pain when tested in animals</a>.
</p><p>
An important caveat to these findings is that not all compounds that produce effects in rodent pain studies will work in humans. Further, most of these studies examined the effects of injected CBD. So far, there is little evidence showing therapeutic effects of either edible or transmucosal, the administration of a drug across a mucous membrane, CBD for pain. There is only limited evidence for the use of transdermal CBD. Thus, until more scientific studies are conducted, the hype that CBD can successfully treat various forms of pain in humans is premature.
</p><h2>CBD: Beyond the Laboratory</h2><p>
Still curious about all the hype? Before running to the local supermarket health food isle to purchase CBD to conduct your own at-home trial, there are a few more points to consider.
</p><p>
Most CBD products sold in grocery stores are touted as "hemp-derived." That is, they come from a cannabis plant that has a purportedly extremely low amount of THC. Typically, hemp-derived products are made from the stalks and roots of the plant. This is in contrast to marijuana, which can contain varying amounts of THC and comes from the flowers of the cannabis plant. Recently, hemp-derived products were removed from the Controlled Substances Act.
</p><p>
However, it remains unclear if hemp-derived CBD works in the same exact manner as marijuana-derived CBD. Further, the FDA does not approve of CBD products as dietary supplements, or the marketing of any health-related claims. Also, the agency prohibits the addition of either THC or CBD to food products sold in <a href="https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm421168.htm" target="_blank">interstate commerce for human or animal consumption</a>.
</p><p>
As long as there are no associated medical claims, the FDA allows the use of hemp oil and seeds in cosmetics. However, the usefulness of hemp products in cosmetics also remains to be determined.
</p><p>
Further, as many of the items on the supermarket shelf are not approved by the FDA, there is limited oversight into their production, and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5818782/" target="_blank">the amount of CBD, if any, that these products contain are often mislabeled or misleading</a>. Thus, it is too soon to say if CBD is truly a rising star, or merely a fad that will burn out and fall to Earth.
</p><p>
<em>Editor's note: This article has been updated to correct the name of the company, GW Pharmaceuticals, that developed Epidiolex.</em>
</p><p>
<em></em> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate </em><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/cannabidiol-rising-star-or-popular-fad-110146" target="_blank">The Conversation</a></em><em>.</em>
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Facing Controversy and a Takeover, Canadian Cannabis Company Names Organic Products Mogul as Chairman
03 January 2019
Business
Daniel Brothers / Moment / Getty Images
Embattled Canadian cannabis company Aphria Inc. named a new, independent chairman in a press release on Dec. 27, 2018: Hain Celestial Group Inc. Founder Irwin D. Simon.
<p>
The announcement comes as the company faces a takeover bid from Ohio-based cannabis company Green Growth Brands Inc, <a href="https://www.newsday.com/business/irwin-simon-aphria-cannabis-hain-1.25363470" target="_blank">Newsday reported Wednesday</a>. The appointment also occurred in the same month as an exposé from <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/aphria-a-shell-game-with-a-cannabis-business-on-the-side/" target="_blank">Hindenburg Research</a> alleging that Aphria investors were attempting to siphon money from shareholders.
</p><p>
In its press release announcing their decision, Aphria emphasized the fact that appointing Simon as an independent chair would "advance the Company's governance best practices." Their board of directors now has 10 members and a majority, six, are independent.
</p><p>
"Aphria remains committed to strong corporate governance and promoting a culture of integrity and ethical behaviour throughout the organization," the company wrote.
</p><p>
Simon had served as CEO of the Hain Celestial Group for 25 years since founding the organic and natural products company in 1993. He had stepped down as CEO in November, though he continues to act as nonexecutive chairman, Newsday reported.
</p><p>
"Irwin Simon is a dynamic leader and entrepreneur who understands the complexities and responsibilities of building a successful and competitive company," Aphria CEO Vic Neufeld said in the press release. "As we continue to focus on building an extremely dynamic, global cannabis company with tremendous opportunity for substantial shareholder value creation, Irwin's decades of operational and strategic experience in health and wellness and consumer packaged goods will be very valuable."
</p><p>
In an <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/01/02/green-growth-could-become-a-strategic-partner-for-aphria-says-irwin-simon.html" target="_blank">interview with CNBC Wednesday</a>, Simon said that the cannabis industry today reminded him of the natural organic food industry in the 1990s. He touted it as a major growth opportunity, saying it would be a $15 billion business if all 50 states legalize it. In Canada, it is currently a $5.5 billion industry, he said. Beyond smoking for pleasure, he saw major growth potential in <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/food/" target="_blank">food</a>, beverages, supplements, vitamins and medicine.
</p><p>
"You want to talk about trends in 2019. The whole cannabis world is one of the hottest trends I've seen," he told CNBC.
</p><p>
Newsday reported that the legal cannabis market is expected to grow by 14.7 percent per year, to reach $25 billion by 2025, according to the cannabis research firm New Frontier Data.
</p><p>
When asked about the takeover attempt by Green Growth Brands, Simon said the company's current offer was too low to make it a potential strategic partner at the current moment, but that in the future a partnership might be possible, since the company owns many retail outlets.
</p><p>
"While we appreciate GGB's interest in the value we have created at Aphria and our significant growth prospects, their proposal falls short of rewarding our shareholders for participating in such a transaction," Simon wrote in <a href="https://aphria.ca/blog/aphria-responds-to-unsolicited-proposal-by-green-growth-brands/" target="_blank">Aphria's official response</a>.
</p><p>
Aphria found that Green Growth Brands' proposal would be 23 percent below its average share price.
</p><p>
The takeover isn't the only controversy Aphria faced this month. In the <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/aphria-a-shell-game-with-a-cannabis-business-on-the-side/" target="_blank">Dec. 3, report</a>, Hindenburg Research accused the company of being a "shell game" because, it claimed, its recent Latin American acquisitions were "largely worthless." These included an abandoned building in Jamaica that had been sold off by a bank earlier in 2018 and an Argentinian company that one worker said had a 2017 revenue less than half of what Aphria had claimed.
</p><p>
Aphria responded to the report restating the value of its acquisitions, but <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/aphria-our-response/" target="_blank">Hindenburg Research pointed out</a> that it did not dispute key claims, such as the claim that the purchases were made through a series of shell companies or that the supposed office of their Jamaican subsidiary was an abandoned building.
</p><p>
Hindenburg Research also <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/the-latest-act-in-the-aphria-circus-a-very-obviously-related-party-hostile-takeover-offer/" target="_blank">raised questions about the takeover</a>, noting that, among other irregularities, Aphria CEO Neufeld was on the board of of advisers of Green Acre Capital, a group that sponsors the fund that is Green Growth Brands' second biggest shareholder.
</p><p>
"We view this offer as non-credible and likely an attempt to generate the appearance of demand in the hopes of spurring credible offers," Hindenburg Research wrote.
</p><p>Simon was no stranger to controversy at Hain Celestial. During his tenure, the company settled a nearly $10 million dollar lawsuit in California over claims that two brands it sold as organic did not actually meet the requirements of California's Organic Products Act, <a href="https://www.newsday.com/business/hain-celestial-settles-mislabeling-lawsuit-for-nearly-10-million-1.10882747" target="_blank">Newsday reported at the time</a>.</p>
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HighGradeRoots / iStock / Getty Images
Let's start the new year off with a look at what's happening with Cannabis, a food politics topic because of its edibles.
<p><strong>First, the legal status</strong></p><p>The word is that the market for Cannabis products—including edibles and drinkables—constitutes a "<a href="https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2018/10/15/Over-half-of-consumers-interested-in-cannabis-enhanced-food-products-research-shows?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=15-Oct-2018&c=16HhEPChu5CiD250SNpX779EpmVUB7Pm&p2=" target="_blank">21st century gold rush</a>," despite their <a href="https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2018/10/11/SPECIAL-FEATURE-What-is-the-regulatory-status-of-CBD-in-food-and-beverage-products" target="_blank">illegal regulatory status</a> in the U.S.</p><p>Illegal? Here's what the <a href="https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm421168.htm#dietary_supplements" target="_blank">the FDA says</a>:</p><blockquote><strong>12, Can products that contain THC or cannabidiol (CBD) be sold as dietary supplements?</strong><br>A. No.<br><br><strong>13, Is it legal, in interstate commerce, to sell a food to which THC or CBD has been added?</strong><br>A. No<br></blockquote><p>As for the status of Cannabis in Canada, the details are <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html" target="_blank">here</a>. Cannabis became legal in October, with <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45910179" target="_blank">some amusing results, here</a>. And then, there's the question of Cannabis-infused beer, of all things:</p><ul class="ee-ul"> <li><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a2-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5AKl6xD8XS2fhHSvqr8qH1B&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=_2HJsjlXebs2A_t1fiV9TlLSnH0nELKS1vYvZJC-ha8&e=" target="_blank">Molson Coors: Cannabis beverages could be a $3bn market in Canada</a>: </strong>Molson Coors says its well placed to take a "meaningful share" of the cannabis beverage market in Canada when it opens up in the fall of 2019, eyeing the size of a substantial prize… <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a3-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5B0RqgGhd4ifv-252FnYTCdtxPy&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=1Gv3bKp82ZwISESGjoPQvkKU6WF8ZcLTuvJVffyS0Xo&e=" target="_blank">Read</a></li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"><li><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63aa-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5CKGi7yr-252FJRNWqXIuOBUP0F&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=KE91QNYzdoQW0TY4i45VRKUntDaqK9H6saO67bdvlXg&e=" target="_blank">Cannabis-brewed craft beer: Province Brands of Canada and Lost Craft Beer partner ahead of product launch</a>: </strong>Province Brands of Canada and Ontario brewery Lost Craft Beer are partnering to create beer brewed from cannabis instead of barley… <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63ab-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5AbAm7WgUXXqMLYuZGKTVq8&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=hoV5qimuv3MW05Eu2cTd0-8uOqDNzzBsibCUBUkN1eY&e=" target="_blank">Read</a></li></ul><p>Cannabis-infused beer gets lots of attention, but craft brewers are worried about the competition.</p><ul class="ee-ul"><li><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a0-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5BJS71jOvgbsA7vBgaQgML3&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=kcZHpKrqhuTLPoINPKlthv-9HToK0w7mOhN4KsznmkU&e=" target="_blank">"The iPhone is a bigger threat to craft beer than cannabis!" Brewers Association:</a> </strong>While some brewers are concerned that cannabis could emerge as a competitor to beer, the Brewers Association has not seen any evidence that it's a huge threat to the craft beer sector. In fact, it believes cannabis could open up new innovation opportunities for the industry… <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a1-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5DYQlaO7mruzIVg9it31rGV&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=FOyVjGU9Q9KKEhBxhrZHv6bQ27DM8HD2IWi_Wzxp400&e=" target="_blank">Read</a></li></ul><p><strong>What About Research on the Effects of THC?</strong></p><p>It's been difficult to do it because of restrictions on illegal substances, but because the <a href="https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/farm-bill-caps-historic-year-for-cannabis/Content?oid=12623650" target="_blank">Farm Bill took hemp off the list</a>, observers are hopeful that research possibilities will open up.</p><p>In the meantime, some research is ongoing. For example: <a href="https://examine.com/nutrition/cannabis-munchies/" target="_blank">Cannabis increases appetite</a> but whether it causes weight gain is still uncertain.</p><p>We will be hearing a lot more about this topic, I predict. Stay tuned.</p><p>Happy new year, stoned or not.</p>
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OlegMalyshev / iStock / Getty Images
This sponsored post was brought to you by Authority Health and written by Barrett Jones, PharmD
Cannabis oil is quickly gaining momentum in the health industry as it has become an appealing option for people who are looking for relief from pain and from other health issues.
In this article, we will be looking at what scientific studies show when it comes to how cannabis oil might treat a wide variety of common ailments.
<p>The following health benefits have been reported when using cannabis oil and are also backed by scientific research:</p><p><strong>Cannabis Oil Can Relieve Pain</strong></p><p>Marijuana has been used to treat pain for many years. Recently, it has also been discovered that cannabis oil (CBD), which is a certain component of marijuana, also has pain-relieving properties.</p><p>The endocannabinoid system (ECS) within the human body helps to regulate many important functions such as immune system response, pain, appetite and sleep. The body produces neurotransmitters or endocannabinoids which bind to cannabinoid receptors in the nervous system. It has been shown that CBD will reduce pain as it impacts the endocannabinoid receptor activity, interacts with neurotransmitters and reduces inflammation. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5478794/" target="_blank">Research shows</a> that CBD injections reduce the pain of surgical incision in rats and that it also reduces inflammation and nerve pain. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25699191" target="_blank">Humans studies showed</a> that it is also effective in treating the pain of arthritis and multiple sclerosis sufferers.</p><p>If you want to read a bit more about whether cannabis oil is the right choice for managing your pain, go to <a href="https://www.authorityhealth.com/" target="_blank">Authority Health</a> to find out about the different natural ways to help alleviate pain. </p><p><strong>It Reduces Depression And Anxiety</strong></p><p>Depression and anxiety can have catastrophic impacts on your well-being and health and even though these disorders are usually treated with pharmaceutical drugs, they often cause many side effects such as headaches, insomnia, agitation, and drowsiness. </p><p>Many people who live with anxiety and depression have become interested in cannabis oil's natural approach as it has shown to treat these disorders without the side effects experienced when using other conventional drugs. It has been shown that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079847/" target="_blank">CBD reduces anxiety</a>, speech performance and cognitive impairment. This is because CBD is believed to act on the receptors of the brain for serotonin (the neurotransmitter that regulates social behavior and mood). </p><p><a href="https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/cheap-natural-quick-anxiety-remedies/" target="_blank">Read more</a> about how to tame your anxiety without a visit to the doctor's office or without the use of medication.</p><p><strong>It Can Reduce Cancer-Related Symptoms</strong></p><p>Not only can CBD reduce cancer-related symptoms, but it can also <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983116" target="_blank">reduce negative side effects of cancer treatment</a> such as pain, vomiting and nausea. Some studies even found that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566064" target="_blank">CBD may have anticancer properties</a> as it induces cell death in breast cancer cells in humans. However, these are animal studies and test tube studies which means that it is not certain yet whether it will also be effective in humans. </p><p><strong>CBD Reduces Acne</strong></p><p>Acne is believed to be caused by many different factors such as the overproduction of sebum, underlying inflammation, bacteria, genetics and more. Due to CBD's ability to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094344" target="_blank">reduce the production of sebum</a> and because of its <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061872" target="_blank">anti-inflammatory properties</a>, it will be able to help treat acne. </p><p><strong>It Is Good For Brain Health</strong></p><p>It is said that CBD may provide some benefits for those who have neurological disorders, such as <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a> and epilepsy. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525548" target="_blank">Studies have found</a> that cannabis oil can reduce spasms in up to 75% of multiple sclerosis sufferers. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26724101" target="_blank">Another study</a> gave people with epilepsy CBD oil after which their seizures reduced by 36.5%.</p><p>It has <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845114" target="_blank">also been shown</a> that CBD treatment improved the sleep quality and quality of life for patients with Parkinson's disease. </p><p><strong>It Is Good For Your Heart </strong></p><p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5470879/" target="_blank">Research shows</a> that CBD has been linked to many benefits for the circulatory system as well as for the heart. This includes the ability to lower blood pressure (which is linked to many health conditions such as metabolic syndrome, heart attack and stroke).</p><p>It might be because of CBD's ability to lower blood pressure that it is also effective at reducing anxiety and stress. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026637/" target="_blank">Animal studies</a> have also shown that CBD may reduce cell death and inflammation associated with heart disease because of its powerful stress-reducing and antioxidant properties. </p><p><strong>More Potential Benefits</strong></p><p>CBD is believed to provide benefits for the following conditions as well, although more studies are needed:</p> <ul class="ee-ul"> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25667194" target="_blank">CBD may help people with mental disorders</a> such as schizophrenia as it reduces antipsychotic symptoms.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>It can be used as substance abuse treatment as it has been shown to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444130/" target="_blank">modify brain circuits related to addiction</a>. It has further been shown to reduce heroin-seeking and morphine dependence behavior in rats.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>In animal studies and test-tube studies, it has been shown that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25916739" target="_blank">CBD has anti-tumor effects</a>. It has also been shown to prevent the spread of lung, colon, brain, prostate and breast cancer in animals.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Treatment with CBD has the potential to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698671" target="_blank">reduce diabetes by 56%</a> and it also reduced inflammation. It, therefore, acts as an excellent diabetes prevention method.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Are There Any Side Effects?</strong></p><p>CBD may cause some negative side effects in some people, even though it is considered safe and generally well tolerated. The following side effects have been noted or reported:</p> <ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Fatigue</li> <li>Changes in appetite</li> <li>Diarrhea</li> </ul> <p>It is also important to note that CBD does interact with a variety of medications and it is, therefore, essential to discuss the fact that you take it with your doctor to ensure that you are safe and to avoid any possible interactions. </p><p><strong>What It All Comes Down To</strong></p><p>Studies have shown that CBD oil can be effective in treating many health issues such as heart disease, depression, anxiety, acne, mental health disorders, substance abuse treatment and diabetes. It has even been shown to have anti-tumor effects and that it might be a natural alternative for pain relief and the treatment of cancer. </p><p>Even though research is quite new, the research of potential benefits of CBD is still ongoing and the chance is, therefore, good that new therapeutic uses will soon be discovered. </p><p>It seems like CBD is relatively safe to use with minor side effects reported by some. It is a powerful and safe natural treatment which might reduce symptoms for many health-related issues. <br></p><p><em><em>Barrett Jones </em>is a clinical pharmacologist who studied at Baylor College of Medicine, Texas. He currently works in a chemistry laboratory in Columbia University (where he also lecturers occasionally) investigating how pharmaceuticals interact with our biological systems. He specializes in and is passionate about how medication used for treating ADD and ADHD may impact long-term cognitive abilities. He has written many papers and is often consulted in a number of lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies.</em><br></p><p><em>He follows a strict diet loosely based on the Keto principles and enjoys the science and chemistry behind food and preparing meals. He is an avid cyclist and cross country runner. His aspirations include only to be the best at what he does, whatever that may be.</em><br></p>
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New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo said Monday he will push to fully legalize recreational marijuana in the state as part of his agenda for the next year.
"The fact is we have had two criminal justice systems: one for the wealthy and the well off, and one for everyone else," Cuomo said in a speech about his agenda for the first 100 days of his third term, as quoted by The New York Times.
<p>
He said the injustice had "for too long targeted the African-American and minority communities."
</p><p>
"Let's legalize the adult use of recreational marijuana once and for all," Cuomo added.
</p><p>
The District of Columbia and 10 states—Alaska, Colorado, California, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and Vermont—have legalized marijuana for recreational use.
</p><p>
As EcoWatch
<a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/5-reasons-legalizing-pot-is-good-for-the-planet-1882056664.html" target="_blank">previously mentioned</a>, there's a strong environmental case for a consistent national policy on marijuana:
</p><blockquote>
Growing marijuana has a series of negative environmental impacts that are worsened by black market and semi-legal growing, which make regulations harder to enact and enforce. By making it fully legal, regulations could be enacted governing its cultivation to mitigate these impacts.
</blockquote><p>
Legalizing weed could result in higher standards for its cultivation. For instance, in Boulder, Colorado—first state to decriminalize marijuana—commercial marijuana growers
<a href="https://www.bouldercounty.org/environment/sustainability/marijuana-offset-fund/" target="_blank">are required offset their electricity use</a> with local <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/renewable-energy" target="_blank">renewable energy</a> or pay a 2.16 cent charge per kWh.
</p><p>
In California, which legalized recreational marijuana sales earlier this year, the state was required to create strict environmental measures to regulate pot growers' use of
<a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/pesticides" target="_self">pesticides</a>, water and energy, according to the <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/california-marijuana-wildlife-2468008604.html" target="_blank">Center for Biological Diversity</a>.
</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-twitter_embed">
</p><div id="74736" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="MS0V8J1576662600"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="614468685152002048" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">5 Reasons Legalizing Pot Is Good for the Planet
http://t.co/FnC7RpZz9U @legalize @WeedFeed @CannabisNews @nature_org http://t.co/MLJOmJ204z</div> — EcoWatch (@EcoWatch)<a href="https://twitter.com/EcoWatch/statuses/614468685152002048">1435335725.0</a></blockquote></div>
<p></p><p>
Legalizing marijuana in New York could bring in more than $1.7 billion in sales annually, the Times reported.
</p><p>
Monday's announcement is a stark change of tune for the Democratic governor, who said as recently as 2017 that marijuana was a "<a href="https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2017/02/cuomo-says-he-remains-opposed-to-recreational-marijuana-109436" target="_blank">gateway drug</a>."
</p><p>
Cuomo's opponent in this year's gubernatorial primary, actress and activist Cynthia Nixon, called for legalizing pot, arguing that current marijuana laws unfairly target minority users.
</p><p>
Cuomo later told the <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/beware-perils-legal-pot-article-1.3950522" target="_blank">New York Daily News</a> in April that "the facts have changed on marijuana," noting that as more states legalize marijuana, the Empire State would likely have to follow.
</p>
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Cannabis Oil vs. CBD Oil: Health Benefits and Legal Considerations
10 October 2018
Health + Wellness
Select Oil / Facebook
By Stephanie Garr
The topic of cannabis (marijuana) has become far less taboo in recent years, but there are still many misconceptions—and fears—about its use as a medicinal plant.
<p>Cannabis is still an illegal product in most countries and can be difficult to obtain. More importantly, it is challenging to study.</p><p>Still, an increasing amount of evidence has found it could offer significant benefits for patients with chronic pain and even cancer.</p><p>This article looks at what cannabis oil is, how it differs from <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/benefits-of-cbd-oil-2609571686.html">CBD oil</a>, and what the science is saying about its potential.</p><h2>What is Cannabis Oil?</h2><p>Cannabis oil is an extract from cannabis (marijuana) plants that contains several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid" target="_blank">cannabinoid</a> compounds that bind to receptors in the brain and body.</p><p>Cannabis is one of the world's oldest cultivated plants, with its use dating back some 8,000 years ago (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425762/#ref_000070" target="_blank">1</a>).</p><p>As of now, more than a 100 of its active compounds have been detected, but there are two that have been studied the most:</p><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Cannabidiol (CBD): This is the active ingredient in <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/cbd-oil-benefits/" target="_blank">CBD oil</a> that has been shown to display anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"><li>Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): This is the substance in marijuana that is most known for getting you "high."</li></ul><p>While the term "cannabis oil" may be used to describe any cannabis-based oil (like CBD oil or hemp seed oil), it typically refers to the specific extract that contains all components of marijuana, including THC.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Cannabis oil is an extract from cannabis (marijuana) plants. It contains all active ingredients in the plant, including CBD and THC.<br></p><h2>Cannabis Oil vs CBD Oil ... What's The Difference?</h2><p>Unlike cannabis oil, which is typically made from marijuana with a high THC percentage (typically at least 50%), CBD oil does not contain this mind-altering compound.</p><p>In other words, CBD oil does not get you "high," but could offer some helpful benefits.</p><p>Many natural health proponents have been touting CBD oil and its potential to relieve chronic pain, reduce anxiety and <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/how-to-deal-with-major-depression/" target="_blank">depression</a>, and alleviate cancer symptoms, among several other benefits.</p><p>Because it doesn't contain THC, CBD oil is legal in all 50 states of the U.S., Canada and all of Europe (except for Slovakia).</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> Unlike cannabis oil, which is typically made from marijuana with a high THC percentage, CBD oil does not contain this mind-altering compound.<br></p><h2>Is Cannabis Oil Illegal?</h2><p>Because it contains THC, cannabis oil can only be purchased in an area where marijuana is legal or can be prescribed.</p><p>In the U.S., marijuana is legal for both recreational and medicinal use in nine states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont and Washington, along with Washington, DC.</p><p>Thirty states have legalized medical marijuana for medicinal use. These include the nine mentioned above, along with:</p><p>Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Michigan, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and West Virginia.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Since it contains THC, cannabis oil can only be purchased in areas where marijuana is legal or can be prescribed. This includes 30 U.S. states.<br></p><h2>Benefits of Cannabis Oil</h2><p>Because of its long-held status as an illegal Schedule I drug, research on cannabis has been limited.</p><p>Fortunately, a growing number of studies on cannabis have focused on its potential health benefits, mostly regarding appetite, nausea and pain.</p><p>Cannabis oil would likely offer similar benefits as CBD oil. However, it's possible that its addition of THC could provide further benefits.</p><p>THC is a pain reliever, anti-inflammatory and anti-emetic (prevents vomiting).</p><p>Using the whole marijuana plant versus part of it (like with CBD oil) could also provide extra synergetic effects. This however, is difficult to study.</p><p>There are currently a few licensed cannabis-based drugs on the market including:</p><ul class="ee-ul"> <li><strong>Dronabinol (Marinol) / Nabilone (Cesamet): </strong>Both are synthetic forms of THC used to counteract nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, and to stimulate appetite in AIDS patients.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li><strong>Nabiximols (Sativex):</strong> Contains an equal amount of THC and CBD and used to relieve symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and pain in cancer patients.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"><li><strong>Epidiolex:</strong> A concentrated CBD oil used as an anti-seizure medication for children with epilepsy (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28188044" target="_blank">2</a>).</li></ul><h3>Cannabis Oil for Cancer</h3><p>Many cannabinoids, including THC and CBD, have shown some anti-cancer effects.</p><p>Most significantly, cannabinoids may have the ability (at least in test tube studies) to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and promote the death of cancer cells by apoptosis (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852356/" target="_blank">3</a>).</p><p>That said, while THC has shown promise in cancer studies, it's also shown the potential to suppress the immune system and <em>enhance </em>tumor growth (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10861074" target="_blank">4</a>).</p><p>Clearly, much more research needs to be done to determine how cannabinoids, at specific concentrations, may work best for cancer treatment.</p><h3>Cannabis Oil for Pain Relief</h3><p>Cannabis oil is a potent anti-inflammatory and can provide significant pain relief, likely more so than just CBD oil.</p><p>In fact, THC was shown to have 20 times the anti-inflammatory potency of aspirin and twice that of hydrocortisone (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1659702/" target="_blank">5</a>).</p><p>THC has been found to reduce pain in patients with cancer and MS, and cannabis treatment has proven effective for those with fibromyalgia (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828614/" target="_blank">6</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29461346" target="_blank">7</a>).</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Research on cannabis has been limited, but is quickly growing. Cannabis oil would likely offer similar benefits as CBD oil, but may offer even greater potential with the addition of THC, which is a proven pain reliever and anti-inflammatory.<br></p><h2>Side Effects of Cannabis Oil</h2><p>It can be difficult to obtain certified cannabis oils that provide specific concentrations and guarantee purity.</p><p>Some cannabis oils may even contain up to 75% THC (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26558460" target="_blank">8</a>).</p><p>Commercially produced cannabis oils for medical purposes are most dependable since they will have controlled concentrations of CBD and THC.</p><p>The addition of THC in cannabis oil will cause some side effects, including:</p><ul class="ee-ul"><li>The feeling of being "high"</li><li>Tiredness and fatigue</li><li>Reduced memory and learning ability</li><li>Increased heart rate</li><li>Increased appetite.</li></ul><p>It's also noteworthy to mention that CBD actually helps control the psychoactive effects of THC, so a good balance of both may be important.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>It can be difficult to know the concentrations and purity of cannabis oil products, so you will likely not know how much THC and CBD they contain. The presence of THC will cause you to feel "high," and may also lead to fatigue, reduced memory and increased appetite.<br></p><h2>How to Make Cannabis Oil</h2><p>Although cannabis oil has only started to find legal status in certain areas, plenty of people have been handcrafting their own for some time.</p><p>If you're able to obtain cannabis legally, you can easily make your own version of cannabis oil, which allows you to control the amount and type of cannabis used.</p><p>Canadian cannabis expert Rick Simpson is often cited for his groundbreaking work creating a cannabis oil, now referred to as Rick Simpson Oil or RSO.</p><p>He made his own cannabis oil to help treat his skin cancer, and has shared this <a href="http://phoenixtears.ca/producing-the-oil/" target="_blank">recipe here</a>.</p><h3>Cannabis Coconut Oil</h3><p>Another way to consume cannabis oil is with cannabis coconut oil.</p><p>The saturated fats in <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/coconut-oil-vs-olive-oil-study/" target="_blank">coconut oil</a> help preserve the cannabinoids, making it a more potent and effective cannabis product.</p><p>Cannabis-infused coconut oil can be used topically, consumed on its own or used as a cooking oil just like normal coconut oil. You can also put it into capsules for measured doses.</p><p>This site offers a good recipe for <a href="https://www.leafly.com/news/lifestyle/cannabis-and-coconut-oil-uses-benefits-and-a-recipe-to-make-your" target="_blank">cannabis coconut oil</a>.</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> If you're able to obtain cannabis legally, you can make your own version of cannabis oil at home. Cannabis coconut oil can also be made and consumed on its own or used topically or as a cooking oil.<br></p><h2>Should You Try Cannabis Oil?</h2><p>The benefits of CBD oil are well established, but it's possible cannabis oil could be even more effective.</p><p>The addition of THC, the compound that also gets you "high," could offer greater anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and pain-relieving effects.</p><p>Because cannabis oil uses the entire marijuana plant, there may also be some other synergetic effects involved.</p><p>However, the state of cannabis' legality has severely limited its research opportunities. Fortunately this is rapidly changing.</p><p>Early studies have found that cannabis treatment has helped patients with chronic pain, cancer, MS, AIDS and <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/fibromyalgia-and-diet/" target="_blank">fibromyalgia</a>.</p><p>As of now, cannabis oil is still difficult to obtain, and is legal for medicinal use in only 30 U.S. states. It's also not regulated, so it's hard to know how much THC you may be getting.</p><p>If you're looking for a similar and safe alternative—and one without the "high"—you may want to <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/cbd-oil-benefits" target="_blank">seek out CBD oil first</a>.</p><p><em><a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/about" target="_blank">Stephanie</a> is a certified nutrition consultant. She graduated from the University of Iowa with degrees in journalism and psychology in 2003, and later studied holistic nutrition at Bauman College in Berkeley, California.</em></p><p><span></span> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate </em><a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/cannabis-oil-cbd-oil-health-benefits/" target="_blank">Diet vs Disease</a>.</p>
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- Coca-Cola Eyes Cannabis-Infused Drinks Market ›
- CBD Oil: What You Need to Know ›
- 8 Science-Based Benefits of CBD Oil ›
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Pexels
Coca-Cola is "closely watching" the cannabis drinks market, the world's largest beverage company said Monday in an online statement.
Coke announced its interest after a report from Canada's BNN Bloomberg said the soda giant was in "serious talks" with Edmonton-based Aurora Cannabis, a medical marijuana producer and distributor, to develop drinks infused with cannabidiol, or CBD.
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CBD, a cannabis extract that does not have the psychoactive elements of marijuana, is used to treat a variety of medical conditions and ailments.
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The oil has boomed in popularity as a growing number of states and countries, including Canada, legalize sales of cannabis products for recreational use. The CBD market is <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/forecast-indicates-cbd-global-market-projected-to-experience-continued-significant-growth-678632383.html" target="_blank">forecast to grow to $2.1 billion by 2020</a>, a dramatic increase from last year's market value of $202 million, according to Hemp Business Journal. Canadians can legally buy and consume cannabis starting this Oct. 17.
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Coca-Cola and Aurora would likely develop drinks to ease inflammation, pain and cramping, the BNN report said. The beverages would be unlike the cannabis-infused drinks that <a href="https://hightimes.com/news/molson-coors-plans-brew-non-alcoholic-cannabis-infused-drinks/" target="_blank">beer makers</a> are planning to produce that would likely give drinkers the same buzz from inhaling marijuana.
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</p><div id="e30ac" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="3MUYUM1576662698"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1041953706252685317" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">Coca-Cola, the world’s largest beverage company, could be the next industry giant to jump into the cannabis drinks… https://t.co/kpBlxiyUP0</div> — QuickTake by Bloomberg (@QuickTake by Bloomberg)<a href="https://twitter.com/QuickTake/statuses/1041953706252685317">1537256096.0</a></blockquote></div>
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Coke is diversifying its product portfolio, with recent investments in the <a href="https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/multiple-coke-brands-bubble-up-in-fast-growing-sparkling-water-c">sparkling water</a> category and <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/a9563cf6-b82f-11e8-bbc3-ccd7de085ffe" target="_blank">coffee</a>. Demand for sugary sodas has declined <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soda-sales-study/u-s-soda-sales-drops-for-12th-straight-year-trade-publication-idUSKBN17L2HN" target="_blank">year upon year</a> over the last decade as consumers become more health conscious.
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In response to the BNN report, Coca-Cola said it has "no interest in marijuana or cannabis."
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"Along with many others in the beverage industry, we are closely watching the growth of non-psychoactive CBD as an ingredient in functional wellness beverages around the world," the company added. "The space is evolving quickly. No decisions have been made at this time."
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Following the BNN report, Aurora's stock spiked 17 percent and Coke's also jumped slightly, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-coca-cola-jointventure-aurora-cannabi/coke-aurora-in-talks-to-make-cannabis-infused-drinks-bnn-bloomberg-idUSKCN1LX17K" target="_blank">Reuters</a> noted.</p>
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</p><div id="76bed" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="4D3BW61576662698"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1021606442518888448" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">How to be in the know with #CBDoil
#cbd #weed #marijuana #health #theconversation
@conversationuk… https://t.co/C8V1dKJGo9</div> — EcoWatch (@EcoWatch)<a href="https://twitter.com/EcoWatch/statuses/1021606442518888448">1532404931.0</a></blockquote></div>
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WeedPornDaily / Flickr / CC BY 2.0
By Brian Barth
The federal government still considers it a crime to grow or possess cannabis, but 30 states have now legalized it to varying degrees. Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Nevada, Colorado, Maine and Massachusetts have decriminalized weed for recreational use, and similar legislation is under consideration elsewhere. Pardon the pun, but it is high time we talk about how to grow the stuff.
<p><span></span></p><p>The old-fashioned way—outdoors—is easiest. The trend towards indoor cultivation is more a product of, one, a desire to hide what you're doing (no longer necessary in many locales); and two, to exert total control over growing conditions for the sake of producing enormous buds with maximum market value. But if your sole goal is just to have a bit of decent weed around to occasionally enjoy, you may as well plant it alongside your zucchini and basil.</p><p>Growing a successful cannabis crop is a bit more complicated than your average vegetable, but not much. Before you get carried away, familiarize yourself with your local laws—NORML provides a comprehensive list <a href="http://norml.org/laws" target="_blank">here</a>. Horticulturally speaking, here's what you need to know.</p><h2>Varieties</h2><p>Plenty of mail-order firms have sprung up to fill the demand for legal plant material. There are thousands of varieties, with all the trippy descriptions you would expect. If you want a cerebral high and non-skunky citrus flavor, there is a breed for that; if you want something that is good for anxiety, low in THC, and grows less than 3 feet tall, you can find that too.</p><p>Most importantly, purchase seeds for varieties suited to outdoor conditions, rather than those bred for indoor grow operations. Any reputable supplier will specify that information in their varietal listings. Most will also note mold-resistant varieties, which are a wise choice in humid regions, as well as those with a "short flowering period," an important consideration in northerly latitudes (this is akin to the "days to maturity" listed on packets of vegetable seed).</p><h2>Understanding Male and Female Plants</h2><p>Cannabis is one of many species in the plant kingdom that produce male and female flowers on separate plants. Females produce fat flower "buds" rich in psychoactive compounds, while male plants produce spindly little flowers that aren't worth smoking (or however you choose to partake).</p><p>When you plant cannabis seeds, you typically end up with about half male plants and half female plants. It is imperative to get rid of the males before the plants begin to flower, as the male pollen will result in female buds that are full of seeds, which is no good. It's not that hard to determine the sex of cannabis seedlings—you can find <a href="https://herb.co/marijuana/news/seeds-101-all-you-need-to-know-about-sexing-your-sprouts" target="_blank">instructions here</a>—and cull the males.</p><p>But it can be even easier! How? Look for varieties labeled "feminized." These are seeds that have been bred to produce only female plants and are highly recommended for novice cannabis gardeners.</p><p>Another option is to purchase "clones," which are rooted cuttings of female plants. This is essentially like buying vegetable seedlings, rather than seeds, which saves you the time and effort required for germination, along with the trouble of weeding out the males.</p><h2>Starting Seeds</h2><p>Weed seeds require no special treatment, though they'll germinate faster if you soak them in water for a few days before planting. As with tomatoes and other heat-loving vegetables, you're better off starting the seed indoors in a sunny window in early spring, and then transplanting the seedlings outdoors once all danger of frost has passed.</p><h2>Growing Conditions</h2><p>To do well, cannabis plants require a minimum of six hours of direct sun each day and excellent drainage. They'll do fine in a typical raised bed like you'd use for vegetables, though five-gallon pots filled with potting soil also work well for pot (hard to resist the punny wordplay!). Good air circulation is critical for preventing fungal diseases, so space the plants at least six feet apart (closer is ok for dwarf varieties) to ensure that they don't resemble a dense hedge by the end of summer.</p><p>Cannabis plants love their nutrients, so plan to enrich the beds with composted manure, ideally at least one month prior to planting, if not the previous fall. Spread a minimum of 2 inches of compost over the planting area and work it into the soil. If planting in pots, you can rely on fertilizer, rather than compost.</p><h2>Feeding and Watering</h2><p>This crop is also a thirsty one, so be sure to irrigate whenever the surface of the soil becomes dry. Adding a layer of mulch once the plants are knee-high will cut back on the loss of soil moisture through evaporation and help to prevent other "weeds" from getting established in your weed planting.</p><p>If your beds are sufficiently rich, fertilizer is not required, though it will lead to better results (it's a must for potted plants). Apply a high-nitrogen fertilizer every three weeks until mid-summer, as this will stimulate abundant vegetative growth. Then switch to one higher in phosphorus to stimulate dense and abundant flowers (buds).</p><h2>Pruning</h2><p>Depending on the variety, outdoor plants can grow 12 feet or more in height. Most growers prune them, which makes the plants easier to manage and results in far more buds. Professional growers have perfected pruning to a fine art for the sake of maximizing yield, but for the casual grower is sufficient to cut back the most vigorous shoots from time to time. Simply clip off the outer 30 percent of each major shoot every few weeks.</p><p>Pruning encourages a bushier form (rather than a tall, spindly plant) by stimulating the growth of numerous small side shoots, each of which will produce additional buds. Just be sure to stop pruning by mid-summer, so as not to interfere with flower production.</p><h2>Harvest</h2><p>Buds will begin to form in late summer and should be ready for harvest during the month of October. You'll know they are ready when the flower pistils—those wispy hairs that emanate from the buds—turn from white to reddish-brown.</p><p>Cut the buds from the plants, leaving 6 or 8 inches of stem below each one, and trim off all the leaves. Hang them from their stems to dry in a warm, shaded place for about a week. The weed is now ready to use. Trim the buds from the stem and store in a glass jar.</p><p> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2018/08/how-to-grow-cannabis-in-your-garden/" target="_blank">Modern Farmer</a>.</em><em></em></p>
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By Phillip Smith
Archeologists in China have uncovered a 2,500-year-old gravesite that contains the bones of a man draped in freshly harvested marijuana plants—with the budding tops lopped off. As first reported in National Geographic, researchers say the "extraordinary cache" helps deepen our understanding of the plant's ritual and medicinal use in ancient Eurasian cultures.
According to research findings reported in the journal Economic Botany, a team led by archeologist Hongen Jiang unearthed the burial site of a man, approximately 35 years old with Caucasian features, from a cemetery in China's Turpan Basin. At the time of the man's death, the area was known as the Gushi Kingdom and the desert oasis there was an important stop on the Silk Road.
<p>The remains of the man rested on a wooden pallet with a reed pillow beneath his head. Thirteen marijuana plants up to three feet long were placed diagonally across his chest, the tops running from just under his chin and along the left side of his face, forming a sort of cannabis shroud.</p><p>It's not the first time signs of marijuana have been found in archeological digs in the region. In 2008, a burial site in nearby Yanghai cemetery <a href="http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/15/4171.full" target="_blank">turned up</a> turned up nearly a kilogram of marijuana seeds and powdered leaves. Not far to the west, marijuana seeds have also turned up in first millennium B.C.E. Scythian burials in southern Siberia.<span></span><br></p><p>But this is the first time archeologists have uncovered complete marijuana plants and the first time they've seen them used as a shroud, Jiang said. Because they are whole plants, researchers can determine that they were grown locally, rather than obtained by trade from elsewhere.</p><p>The plants were lying flat on the man's body, meaning they had been fresh when harvested in the area. Also, most of the flowering buds—interestingly, all females—had been collected, enabling the archeologists to determine that the burial had occurred in late summer, when the plants would have been mature.</p><p>The fact that all the plants are females is especially suggestive, as the female plants contain the highest quantities of THC, the cannabinoid responsible for creating marijuana's high. Not only that, the remaining buds turned out—even 25 centuries later—to be covered in trichomes, the tiny "hairs" that secrete the resin containing THC and the other cannabinoids.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy84MjA2MTk0L29yaWdpbi5qcGciLCJleHBpcmVzX2F0IjoxNjEzNzE0ODA5fQ.0A5kO_sGGOQtHpZuen1X5sUcEzBl7h5ZnI8F0qLVeBU/img.jpg?width=980" id="215a9" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="a8f02ca78e5436556bf2144a680ce04f" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image"><small placeholder="add photo credit..." class="image-media media-photo-credit">Hongen Jiang / University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</small></p><p>That and a lack of discoveries of hemp textiles, led the archeologists to suggest marijuana had been grown and harvested for its intoxicating properties and could have been smoked or consumed in a beverage for ritual and/or medicinal purposes.</p><p>The Turpan "Reefer Man" is just the latest evidence that marijuana consumption was "very popular" along the Silk Road and across the steppes at least 2,500 years before mid-20th-century jazz musicians and beatniks began to popularize it here.</p><p><em>This article was reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="http://www.alternet.org/drugs/ancient-marijuana-burial-shroud-uncovered-silk-road-desert-oasis" target="_blank">AlterNet</a>. </em><br></p>
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