Top 10 Terpenes Found in Cannabis Plants
Learn about the most common types of terpenes, the unique properties of each, and which legal cannabis products contain these plant compounds.
07 December 2020
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While most people associate the cannabis industry with marijuana, there's much more to the plant than meets the eye. Popular cannabinoids like CBD and THC garner a lot of the spotlight when it comes to cannabis, but terpenes are another natural component of the Cannabis sativa plant that have unique medicinal properties relevant to health. Below, you can learn all about terpenes, which ones are the most common, and their biological relevance for health. We'll even share some hemp-derived CBD products known to include a variety of terpenes.
<h2>What are terpenes?</h2><p>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7181184/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Over 500 plant bioactives</a> have been discovered in cannabis. Terpenes are a major part of that discovery. Cannabis terpenes are non-psychoactive compounds that are found not only in the cannabis plant's variety of strains, but in many different types of plants across nature. You may not have known it at the time, but you've almost certainly encountered terpenes at some point in your life. Terpenes are naturally occurring phytochemical compounds found within the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120914/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">essential oils of cannabis and other plants</a> we consume like tea, thyme, sage, rosemary, mint, citrus fruits, and even carrots, to name a few.
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Terpenes are aromatics that help to determine the smell that each plant will give off. This serves as both a defense mechanism from hungry plant-eating animals and an enticement for pollinating insects. In some cases, terpenes can even provide the plant with protection from germs caused by bacteria or fungus. In other words, terpenes are intrinsic phytochemicals that are <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4362742/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">critical for plant survival</a>.
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Because terpenes provide the fragrant scents we've come to know and love from some of our favorite plants, manufacturers have utilized these compounds as <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165946/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">fragrance and flavor components</a> in the production of an assortment of household, beauty, food, and biotech products. For example, think of cleaning supplies and perfumes that invoke the smell of pine trees, lavender, lemon, and orange. Terpenes.
</p><p>
Different terpenes also influence the plant's appearance, along with what we taste and how we feel when we consume it. Each strain of cannabis will have more than one compound present, and the combination of those varying parts makes up the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168945219301190?via%3Dihub#bib0140" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">plant's terpene profile</a>. To date, a whopping <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168945219301190?via%3Dihub#bib0010" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">150 different terpenes and 100 different cannabinoids</a> have been identified in the cannabis plant. This has relevance not only for medical cannabis (marijuana), but also for another variety of Cannabis sativa: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4740396/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">industrial hemp and its related products</a> (e.g., CBD oils).
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Learning how terpenes work makes it easier to predict the potential physiological effects of a specific cannabis strain or hemp-derived CBD product. While terpenes have been used in Eastern medicine for millennia, the West just started taking notice in the last few decades. Because of this recency, the bulk of published research on terpenes has been conducted in animal and cell models, with just a handful of human studies completed.
</p><h2>Cannabinoids vs terpenes</h2><p>
In the same way that THC and CBD share a similar chemical structure, one could say the same for certain subsets of terpenes. With over <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5599884/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">80,000 terpenes identified</a>, it's a big family. But at their most basic form, terpenes are composed of a five-carbon organic building block, an "isoprene", and depending on the terpene, there will be varying amounts of isoprene units. These isoprene blocks are absent in cannabinoids.<br/>
</p><p>
Despite chemical structure differences, both cannabinoids and terpenes originate in the same resin glands, known as trichomes, of the cannabis plant. Research indicates that when working in tandem, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6749504/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">cannabinoids and terpenes produce enhanced biological activity</a>, more than either could produce solo. This synergistic relationship is known as the "<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165946/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">entourage effect</a>," and it is directly pertinent to cannabis products since their terpene content can influence how cannabinoids impact the body.</p><h3>Which cannabis products contain the most terpenes?</h3><p>When it comes to marijuana, you'll find an <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436332/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">array of terpenes within each strain</a>. However, in hemp derived CBD oils, edibles, and topicals, terpenes may not be present in every formula. It just depends. That's why we've highlighted some high quality CBD products on the market known to contain a range of cannabinoids and terpenes, so you can tap into that synergy (aka entourage effect).</p><p><em>Each product featured here has been independently selected by the writer. If you make a purchase using the links included, we may earn a commission.</em></p>
<h2>Common terpenes</h2><p>There are thousands of terpenes found in plants across the globe, with scientists labeling <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4740396/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">more than 100 different types within cannabis</a> alone. Despite those numbers, there are a handful that are more common than others. Let's take a closer look at some of the more prevalent terpenes, what you might smell and taste with each, and their medicinal properties.</p><h3>Limonene</h3><p>As its name suggests, this terpene found in cannabis touts a big, bold aroma consistent with citrus fruits like lemon and orange. But it is also thought to pack a punch to our systems, in a good way. Among the most significant biological activities uncovered in animal and cell studies, limonene has a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409346/#B186-cancers-12-01985" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">variety of anticancer properties</a> and is being investigated in clinical trials as a possible <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25388013/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">chemopreventive agent</a> in women with breast cancer. In addition to this promising research, limonene has <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30287506/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory</a> characteristics too.</p><h3>Myrcene</h3><p>With a natural musk that conjures up images of earthiness, this terpene is commonly found in cannabis, lemongrass, hops, basil, and mango. Animal research on myrcene shows potential for sleep support via <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12587690/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">sedative and relaxant properties</a> demonstrated in mice. Preliminary studies also show myrcene's <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5402865/#b74-tr-33-097" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anti-inflammatory and anticancer</a> traits.</p><h3>Pinene</h3><p>For you forest bathing aficionados, another terpene with a name indicative of its origin, pinene is derived from pine needles (and found in cannabis) and features an earthy taste and scent. More importantly, there is research from animal and cell studies that reveals <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5402865/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">pinene's anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anticancer, and neuroprotective</a> traits. Future research in humans will be important to understand pinene's potential impact on cancer and neurodegenerative processes.</p><p><span style="display:block;position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/v3EaUSwiD1Y?rel=0" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; width: 810px; height: 455.625px;"></iframe></span><small>What Are Terpenes? | Cannabis for Beginners</small><small><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3EaUSwiD1Y" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">www.youtube.com</a></small></p><h3>Linalool</h3><p>Found in frankincense and cannabis, linalool dates back to antiquity. This terpene is also the compound responsible for giving lavender its sweet and rich scent, but you can find linalool in other plants like coriander and tomatoes as well. Frequently used in aromatherapy settings because of its purported calming effects, one <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26831333/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">study in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome</a> demonstrated that inhaled linalool reduced blood pressure and pulse rate, while increasing antioxidant activity. Linalool also acts as a <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5402865/#b74-tr-33-097" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">potent anti-inflammatory agent</a>, capable of inhibiting production of inflammatory cytokines. Other linalool properties discussed in early research include <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0927776518305253" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anticancer, anti-hyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, analgesic, and neuroprotective</a>.</p><h3>Beta-Caryophyllene</h3><p>If you've ever used black pepper, you're familiar with the spicy and robust scent of beta-caryophyllene. This terpene is also found in cannabis, cloves, hops, and rosemary. This terpene has <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24930711/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects</a> seen in mouse studies, and its <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30281175/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">neuroprotective potential</a> is a current area of research interest. Other experimental studies reveal an array of additional pharmacological activities for beta-caryophyllene, including <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26965491/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory</a>, to name a few, along with an <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31408659/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anti-arthritic effect </a>seen in rat studies.</p><h3>Eucalyptol</h3><p>Eucalyptus-based soaps, beauty bars, and cleaning supplies are popular in households across America, and a terpene called eucalyptol is responsible for these products' appealing minty scent. Eucalyptol is known for its<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27771935/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties</a>, which researchers believe have promising therapeutic potential. Further, experimental studies reveal its <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409346/#B186-cancers-12-01985" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anticancer properties</a>. Eucalyptol is not only found in eucalyptus, but also cannabis, rosemary, sage, sweet basil, bay leaves, tea tree, and cardamom.</p><h3>Bisabolol</h3><p>Another of the most calming scents around (and one used in a variety of personal care products and teas), chamomile, features a terpene called bisabolol. Not only is this light and sweet floral aroma appealing to the senses, but this terpene also found in cannabis has a variety of potential benefits ranging from <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31408659/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anti-inflammatory properties</a> to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409346/#B186-cancers-12-01985" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anti-cancer effects</a>, seen in cell studies. Furthermore, bisabolol's antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic abilities were recently shown to have<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29725846/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> clinical efficacy in patients following oral surgery</a>, with a bisabolol mouthwash achieving an improvement in "oral hygiene and wound healing, as well as in the reduction of postoperative pain."</p><h3>Ocimene</h3><p>Cannabis strains with an abundance of ocimene are likely to be sweeter and richer than some others. It's also possible for citrusy hints and earthy undertones to come through with this terpene, which is also found in hops, kumquats, mangoes, basil, bergamot, lavender, orchids, and pepper. More studies are needed to understand ocimene's medicinal properties, but this terpene may<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24012643/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> potentially contribute to antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities</a>.</p><h3>Nerolidol</h3><p>This terpene can be found in cannabis, ginger, jasmine, lavender, tea tree, orchid, and lemongrass, and has a distinct woodsy and occasional citrus scent. Because of its<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27136520/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, and antioxidant benefits</a>, researchers believe that nerolidol could be a promising candidate for use in agriculture and medicine. A <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409346/#B186-cancers-12-01985" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">variety of anticancer effects</a> for nerolidol have also been observed at the cellular level.</p><h3>Caryophyllene Oxide</h3><p>This terpene is actually the oxidized form of beta-caryophyllene, so it makes sense that it would share in its strong scent. In addition to cannabis, you're likely to find caryophyllene oxide and its spicy aroma in black pepper, oregano, cloves, lemon balm, basil, and rosemary. Interesting trivia: drug-sniffing dogs are trained to detect this terpene for <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/caryophyllene-oxide" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">cannabis identification purposes</a>. Experimental research shows that caryophyllene oxide has <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5083753/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">pain-relieving</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409346/#B186-cancers-12-01985" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anticancer properties</a>.</p><h3>Humulene</h3><p>Though it grabs headlines for the boldness it brings to beers described as "hoppy" in flavor, you can also find humulene in cannabis, sage, and ginseng. This terpene with a woodsy or piney aroma has shown<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5083753/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> </a>to possess <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785529/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anti-inflammatory</a> properties. Additionally, several experimental studies support its <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409346/#B186-cancers-12-01985" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">anticancer characteristics</a>, as well as<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30593228/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> antibacterial and antiviral activity</a>.</p><h2>Do terpenes get you high?</h2><p>One of the hot button issues surrounding marijuana stems from the fact that it can induce a "high," which has led some people to wonder if high concentrations of terpenes are responsible for that sensation. While there are abundant terpenes in the cannabis plant, these compounds do not get users high. The <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5741114/#ref53" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">psychotropic effects from using marijuana</a> are due to THC, a singular cannabinoid that is totally different from terpenes in structure and function. And remember that CBD products, derived from industrial hemp, are required by US law to have less than 0.3% THC (trace levels), so the "high" conversation becomes irrelevant in that context.</p><p>
<em><strong>Josh Hall</strong> has been professional writer and storyteller for more than 15 years. His work on natural health and cannabis has appeared in Health, Shape, and Remedy Review.</em>
</p><p><em><strong><em>* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.</em></strong></em></p>
Spruce
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CBDistillery
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FAB CBD
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CBD oil is an increasingly popular hemp extract that many people use for its potential wellness benefits. But some people prefer CBD flower for its desirable effects like relaxation and pain relief. Here you can learn all about hemp flower and where to buy the best CBD strains.
<h2>What is CBD Flower?</h2><p>CBD flower is taken directly from industrial hemp plants without the need for extensive extraction processes. These flower buds contain the same beneficial cannabinoids and terpenes found within CBD oil, but tend to elicit a stronger entourage effect.</p><p>Hemp flower is different than many other CBD products since it is trimmed from the stalks of hemp without any additional manufacturing or purification needed, which keeps all of the naturally occurring cannabinoids in tact.</p><h2>What is the Best CBD Flower to Buy Online?</h2><p>Compared to CBD oil, there are many more challenges facing the selling and distribution of hemp flower across the United States. For this reason, there's a more narrow market for people that prefer to smoke hemp flower. This also means there are less suppliers to meet demand.</p><p>With that being said, we've found the best company that sells hemp flower. </p><h2>Cheef Botanicals CBD Flower</h2><p>Cheef Botanicals was founded by a group of cannabis enthusiasts to deliver high-quality, Colorado-grown hemp to the masses. Today they produce some of the highest quality, most potent CBD flower on the market. </p><p>All Cheef Botanicals products contain only the best organic vegan ingredients. They are also cruelty-free, non-GMO, gluten free and dairy free.</p><h3>The Best Cheef Botanicals CBD Flower Products</h3><ul class="ee-ul"><li><a href="https://cheefbotanicals.com/product/cbd-hemp-flower-northern-lights?rfsn=5281353.971f2dc" target="_blank">Northern Lights</a> - Best for Sleep</li><li><a href="https://cheefbotanicals.com/product/cbd-hemp-flower-cherry-wine?rfsn=5281353.971f2dc" target="_blank">Cherry Wine</a> - Best for Focus</li><li><a href="https://cheefbotanicals.com/product/cbd-hemp-flower-grape-soda?rfsn=5281353.971f2dc" target="_blank">Grape Soda</a> - Best for Calm</li><li><a href="https://cheefbotanicals.com/product/cbd-hemp-flower-silver-surfer?rfsn=5281353.971f2dc" target="_blank">Silver Surfer</a> - Best for Energy</li><li><a href="https://cheefbotanicals.com/product/cbd-hemp-flower-white-cbg?rfsn=5281353.971f2dc" target="_blank">White CBG</a> - Best for Relaxation</li></ul><div>Here is our list of the company's best CBD flower products and more information on each one.</div>
<p><em>Keep in mind, the products featured here have been independently selected by the writer. If you make a purchase using the link included, we may earn commission.</em></p><h2>Hemp Flower for Sale Online: What to Look For<br></h2><p>The CBD market can be a confusing and vastly unregulated place. When shopping online, look for lab tested CBD flower. Accredited lab tests help ensure a high quality cannabis flower by verifying the CBD vs THC content, terpene profile, and testing for the presence of any pesticides, heavy metals, and other environmental contaminants.</p><h2>Can CBD flower get you high?</h2><p>Industrial hemp strains have naturally low THC levels. This means that their flowers also contain minimal amounts of THC (the psychoactive compound in cannabis plants). These plants produce CBD rich buds that will not create any mind altering effects like those commonly associated with a THC high.</p><h2>Is CBD flower legal?<br></h2><p>Hemp derived CBD flower is legal in the U.S. as long as it contains less than 0.3 percent of THC by dry weight. The 2018 Farm Bill recently legalized hemp federally as an agricultural crop, therefor making hemp flowers legal as well. Other cannabis plants may produce buds with high CBD and low THC concentrations, but these are not considered federally legal since they originate from marijuana cannabis strains.</p><h2>How do you use CBD flower?</h2><p>Smoking hemp is the preferred method of use for CBD flowers, especially for the converted user looking to gain relaxation without the high. Many people opt for pre-rolled joints or CBD cigarettes made from hemp flower, but others prefer to buy the buds and smoke them on their own terms.</p><p>While this isn't necessarily the healthiest habit, it may be a better option for individuals who are looking for an alternative to nicotine cigarettes or psychoactive marijuana. Additionally, CBD flower has not been evaluated by the food and drug administration. It's not intended to treat, cure, or prevent any disease.</p><h2>CBD Hemp Flower Benefits</h2><p>Much like CBD oil, hemp flower is believed to have many beneficial effects that can be used to alleviate issues like chronic pain, anxiety, sleep troubles, and more. While most of this is based off of anecdotal evidence, some scientific studies have shown the benefits of CBD, including:</p><ul class="ee-ul"><li>Anti-inflammatory properties that <a data-linked-post="2648153441" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/best-cbd-oil-pain-reviews-2648153441.html" target="_blank">work to mitigate pain</a></li><li>Anxiolytic effects help <a data-linked-post="2648141513" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/10-best-cbd-anxiety-2648141513.html" target="_blank">reduce anxiety and stress</a></li><li>Potential neuroprotective properties</li></ul><p>These wellness advantages appeal to many people, but it's important to note that smoking CBD flower is not the healthiest way to benefit from CBD. Inhaling anything other than oxygen into your lungs can be harmful. So for people that choose to smoke hemp, there is typically a trade off between the relieving effects they may experience versus the internal effects they do not see.</p><h2>Understanding CBD Flower Measurements</h2><p>Although hemp and marijuana vary in their cannabinoid composition, their flowers are weighed in the same manner. Using the metric system, CBD hemp flowers are weighed from grams to ounces, and are often broken up even further into eighths, quarters, and half ounces. </p><p>There are 28 grams in one ounce, and 1 gram will likely be able to make two or three joints filled with hemp bud.</p><p>CBD flowers taken from industrial hemp plants are legal to sell in most states, and these products must comply with the laws set forth by the <a href="https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/advertising-marketing-internet-rules-road#non" target="_blank">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC) on marketing and advertising. A supplier must deliver their products as described, including the weight of an item, when you are buying from them. If this isn't done, the FTC will likely take action against the company supplying the product. So you should receive the amount of hemp flower you purchase, but it never hurts to check.</p><h2>Smoking Hemp Flower vs. Taking CBD Oil</h2><p>When you inhale smoke from hemp flowers, the CBD will take effect almost immediately as your lungs absorb the cannabinoids and transfer them into the bloodstream. This effect likely won't last as long as <a data-linked-post="2647428611" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/best-cbd-oil-2020-2647428611.html" target="_blank">ingesting CBD oil</a>, which prolongs the on-set and steady absorption of CBD.</p><p>Smoking hemp flower looks and may even smell similar to marijuana, so be wary of this fact if you live in a state where recreational marijuana use is illegal. Hemp flower is legal, but it may cause confusion and unwanted attention, which should be taken into consideration.</p><p>Additionally, smoking is not good for your health — even if CBD flower may alleviate other issues like anxiety or pain. For this reason, we recommend exercising caution if you do decide to smoke hemp flower. Weigh the pros and cons, and consider other application methods when it comes to CBD.</p><p><em><strong><em>* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.</em></strong></em></p>
Northern Lights
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTUzNTI5OC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyMzQxNTQxNX0.HKz_8O2ea4UNSyn6NoZJ6yQlOrDjigYUOKzDDLoMOdU/img.png?width=980" id="34b53" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="be3374c6fa54a0fb0ad5a6043295b1bc" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="700" data-height="700" /><p>This CBD-dominant strain is highly sedative strain and best for nights. The strong smell and earthly flavor are reminiscent of it's more THC-laden cousins. </p><p>Percentage Levels: CBD ~ 20.73%</p>Cherry Wine
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTUzNTI5OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyNzI5NTI1Nn0.JxM4lYhAWr5xc6YVb26dhwM3kEuOOgg2muMeIUK7m6U/img.png?width=980" id="5123f" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="d369b8317bcfdfa96872f9901c1ee96a" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="1000" data-height="1000" /><p>A Sativa and Indica hybrid, this strain is best for focus and relaxation, while bringing along none of the "high" associated with THC buds.</p><p>Percentage Levels: Total CBD: 16.48%, Delta-9 THC: <0.3%</p>Grape Soda
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTUzNTMwMC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY2MzczNzE5OH0.BqUPVLRuZTS9ndGycWqXLUPWwLheoxeLKdn-6I6eBP0/img.jpg?width=980" id="4f377" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="b198d3df4bdbc045467e5d2dbea5d7ec" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="700" data-height="700" /><p>This is a flavorful bud, tasting of grapes and pine. Grape soda is also recommended for calm, focus, and relaxation.</p><p>Percentage Levels: Total CBD: 15.33% / Delta 9 THC: 0.1%</p>Silver Surfer
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTUzNTMwMS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYzODk0ODg2NX0.0gWXS3xwJ7Zd3TeJmnKxJUcpoUn8PvKNUK6rxUxcork/img.jpg?width=980" id="fdd75" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="8aa663c9873de619a620ede7969deb23" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="700" data-height="700" /><p>A cross between Super Silver Haze and Blue Dream hemp, this CBD-dominant strain is best for an uplifting and energetic daytime smoke, recommended for the creatives out there.</p><p>Percentage Levels: Total CBD: 15.07% / Delta 9 THC: 0%</p>White CBG
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTUzNTMwMi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyMzUxMDUxM30.idFX84AiIFbycoemlTWHauVv6iCQR_upWhGmY3SoYYA/img.jpg?width=980" id="ee015" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="c732764b7497d2b707fdceea38828e2a" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="700" data-height="700" /><p>This CBG flower contains a high level of the cannabinoid Cannabigerol (CBG) and may be best for relaxing to relieve aches at the end of a long day.</p><p>Percentage Levels: Total CBG: 21.8% / Delta 9 THC: 0.0%</p>From Your Site Articles
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More and more Americans are retrofitting their bathrooms with high-end bidets, allowing them to enjoy cleanliness and hygiene without creating as much paper waste. Not all bidets are created equal, however, and before deciding on a particular brand, it's important to do your homework. Take a look at our comprehensive Toto bidet review, and our reviews of Tushy and Omigo, to learn more about all of their options.
<h2>Toto overview</h2><p>Toto is a company that has been around for over 100 years. They aim to improve people's quality of life, and they do that specifically by focusing on bathrooms. To that end, Toto is known for high-quality products including toilets, faucets, showers, bathtubs, and bidets. </p><p>Toto has also expressed an admirable commitment to ecological stewardship. As <a href="https://www.totousa.com/about-toto/toto-way" target="_blank">their corporate website</a> notes, they strive to "protect the global environment by conserving finite natural resources and energy." One example of this is their donation of any imperfectly fired porcelain products for recycling and reuse as porcelain floor tile. Their <a href="https://www.totousa.com/about-toto/living-toto-library/smart-sustainable-packaging-solution" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">packaging</a> uses differing levels of recycled post-consumer paper products while their forklifts operate using <a href="https://www.totousa.com/about-toto/living-toto-library/plant-based-hydraulics" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">plant-based hydraulics</a> made from soybean oil instead of traditional hydraulic oil.</p><p>Toto is definitely a company with a superior reputation when it comes to bathroom accessories in general, and bidets in particular. Here are reviews of some of the specific products in the Toto line.</p><h2>Toto bidet reviews</h2><p>There are two different bidet product families available from Toto: standalone bidets and bidet seat attachments. Their standalone models include the Piedmont bidet, the Lloyd bidet, and the Clayton bidet, while their bidet toilet seat offerings include a wide selection in the popular Washlet line. Here are details on the three standalone options and three of the most popular bidet seat attachments.</p><p><em>Each product featured here has been independently selected by the writer. If you make a purchase using the links included, we may earn commission.</em></p><h3>Toto standalone bidets</h3><h4></h4>
<h2>Toto bidet pros and cons<br></h2><p>Whether you're considering a standalone bidet or a bidet seat attachment, here are some of the pros and cons to help you compare your options.</p><h3>Pros</h3><ul class="ee-ul"><li>Standalone bidets, such as the ones offered by Toto, are designed in a wider range of elegant, contemporary styles. If you are looking to remodel your bathroom, splurging for a standalone bidet makes sense.</li><li>Toto offers a wide selection of bidet and bidet attachment options. Some of their more advanced units feature night lights, adjustable nozzle positions, warm air dryers, and adjustable settings for the temperature of the water.</li><li>All of the Toto bidet attachments we reviewed include self-cleaning nozzles for added hygiene. They are also designed for DIY installation, and easily connect to your existing toilet's water supply without the need for a plumber or electrician.</li></ul><h3>Cons</h3><ul class="ee-ul"><li>Toto's line of standalone bidets and bidet seat attachments are more expensive than some other brands, especially some of their more high-end models.</li><li>Standalone bidets may not be as convenient for those who have mobility issues.</li><li>All of Toto's bidet seat attachments are electric, and don't feature an eco or energy-saving mode like some other options.</li></ul><h2>The benefits of buying a bidet</h2><p>Why buy a bidet at all? There are plenty of perks, both for you and the planet:</p><ul class="ee-ul"><li>Bidets offer a more thorough, hygienic cleaning than toilet paper.</li><li>They're considerably more eco-friendly, using less water and paper.</li><li>Because you'll use so much less toilet paper, bidets are also more cost-effective.</li><li>Compared with TP, bidets can be really soothing to the skin.</li><li>They have special benefits for women, and especially pregnant women, helping minimize the risk of a UTI.</li><li>Bidets are highly accessible, even to those with limited mobility.</li><li>A bidet makes it much easier to teach your children about proper bathroom hygiene.</li></ul><h2>Considerations when buying a bidet</h2><p>As you consider all of your options for getting a bidet, here are a few of the key factors to consider:</p><ul class="ee-ul"><li>Look for a bidet with a self-cleaning nozzle. This will help keep things hygienic.</li><li>Electric vs. non-electric? Electric bidets can offer more comfort features, like a heated seat, but they also use more energy than a non-electric one.</li><li>Is it a standalone bidet, a bidet seat, or a bidet attachment? While a standalone bidet is a completely separate fixture from your toilet, a bidet seat will completely replace your existing seat and a bidet attachment will be installed onto your existing toilet seat. These are usually the least expensive, but also come with the fewest features.</li><li>Does the bidet connect to your home's hot water? If it doesn't, you will only be able to clean with cold water.</li><li>Make sure you can adjust the settings. For the most comfortable bidet, look for controls that let you customize the water pressure, the angle of the water stream, the temperature of the water, and the temperature of the seat, if it is heated.</li></ul><p>Use these questions to determine whether the bidets from Toto are right for you.</p><h2>Toto bidets: a leader in comfort and efficiency</h2><p>Toto makes durable, elegant, and highly functional products that will allow you to enjoy all the hygienic and environmental benefits of a bidet. You can also read our full review of the best bidets to compare with other brands like Brondell, Kohler, Tushy, and BioBidet.</p><p><em><strong>Josh Hurst </strong></em><em>is a journalist, critic, and essayist. He lives in Knoxville, TN, with his wife and three sons. His writing on natural health, nutrition, and supplements has appeared in Health, Shape, and Remedy Review.</em></p>
Piedmont
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTY3MDgyMy9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyMjI3MjE3Nn0.QqBs95yaFQnGwAuf0t3XaSCc7pvrSEUalnl9UulrODg/img.jpg?width=980" id="a0c63" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="9d10ad2b08c5d00642b44787c1b099ad" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="400" data-height="400" />Toto USA
<p><a href="https://www.amazon.com/TOTO-BT500B-01-Piedmont-Vertical/dp/B00084P3GO/ref=sr_1_3?crid=ZG6AGN0U9VQL&dchild=1&keywords=toto+piedmont+bidet&qid=1613591898&sprefix=toto+piedmo%2Caps%2C188&sr=8-3" target="_blank">Toto's Piedmont bidet</a> offers an elegant, classic design, and it also comes with built-in safeguards that prevent it from ever overflowing. It is available in several color options, and will look good with any contemporary bathroom design.</p><p><strong>Why buy:</strong> This is the most affordable standalone bidet in Toto's catalog. This bidet is a good option if you are remodeling your bathroom or are building a home and want to save water and paper waste from the start. Priced starting at $533, you can find it through other retailers for around $280.</p>
$533
Lloyd
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTY3MDgzMS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyNTU0Nzk0Nn0.h9XeFBojZff_4Un8swlIoamX7xAwO1wH3RKAiiZb96k/img.jpg?width=980" id="e5d22" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="83ff9c9b3ed8f1b5e92ff99c14ad9b0c" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="400" data-height="400" />Toto USA
<p>The <a href="https://www.amazon.com/TOTO-BT930B-01-Vertical-Cotton/dp/B0015IVUOQ/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=toto%2Blloyd%2Bbidet&qid=1613592001&sr=8-2&th=1" target="_blank">Lloyd bidet</a> has a much bolder, "skirted" design, but it also shares the Piedmont's flushing rim and integral overflow features, which keep you from ever experiencing spillage.</p><p><strong>Why buy: </strong>This is a fancier product with a more striking appearance, and is mainly suited for a larger, more formal design. It retails for a slightly higher price point: The Lloyd model starts at $780 in total, but you can find it for $526 through other retailers.</p>
$780
Clayton
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTY3MDgzMi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0NTI4MTYyNn0.xNOnfejHaWbEVHRbO1vFVdUoWbFvevja40qRVr6L4dI/img.jpg?width=980" id="df200" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="0cdb567e670fb2e46f50fbc43c99158c" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="400" data-height="400" />Toto USA
<p>The company's flagship standalone bidet is known as the <a href="https://www.amazon.com/TOTO-BT784B-01-Clayton-Vertical/dp/B0018L9JUC/ref=sr_1_2?dchild=1&keywords=toto+clayton+bidet&qid=1613592108&sr=8-2" target="_blank">Clayton</a>. It includes the same overflow safeguards as the other two, and of course, each of these products is backed by Toto's longstanding commitment to excellent craftsmanship.</p><p><strong>Why buy: </strong>This is the most traditional in its visual style, and, with a number of colors to choose from, it will look great in almost any bathroom design. The Clayton starts at $734, but is available through other retailers for around $426.</p>
$734
<h3>Toto bidet seats</h3>
Toto Washlet C200
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTY3MDgzNi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY2MTY3OTY1M30.3coYAuyqJLBcw8hQszI8Shbcfyr6nn9V0ek-kXv2kgQ/img.jpg?width=980" id="61762" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="b7c91d2511149e271c7f0139f1580788" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="400" data-height="400" />Toto USA
<p>This electronic smart bidet seat fits onto your existing toilet bowl and offers a number of comfort features, including a heated seat, automatic air deodorizer, adjustable warm water, warm air dryer, self-cleaning wand, and a wireless remote control.</p><p><strong>Why buy:</strong> We chose the <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00UCIOX2Q/ref=redir_mobile_desktop?_encoding=UTF8&aaxitk=-XjvJQOmffOcAmiCOZvtAA&hsa_cr_id=7413316040901&pd_rd_plhdr=t&pd_rd_r=0e0e7f3d-0baf-4977-85d3-663f618a76d8&pd_rd_w=Yi3yF&pd_rd_wg=LUFHB&ref_=sbx_be_s_sparkle_lsi3d_asin_1_img" target="_blank">Toto C200</a> as the overall best bidet in <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/best-bidet-toilet-seats-2650502928.html" target="_self">our review</a> of top brands. In addition to the features mentioned, its dual action oscillating and pulsating spray and pre-mist function provide a comfortable and sanitary clean.</p>
$715
Toto Washlet S500e with EWATER+
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTY3MDgzOS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1MTgzNTIyMH0.idaacYO4MzHGTeajRkSCVHOo3TH7tehRN8TAH2s75ko/img.jpg?width=980" id="f6ed5" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="87fa67b17e4c8e06f74bfbce87bf4809" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="400" data-height="400" />Toto USA
<p>The <a href="https://www.amazon.com/TOTO-SW3046-01-Electronic-Contemporary/dp/B078GTKSXK/ref=sr_1_2?crid=15NGPC9YFANKH&dchild=1&keywords=toto+s500e&qid=1613960063&sprefix=toto+s500e%2Caps%2C171&sr=8-2" target="_blank">Toto Washlet S500e</a> bidet seat includes the features found in the C200, plus instantaneous water heating, front and rear wash functions, two-user preset memory, and the company's <a href="https://www.totousa.com/technologies/ewater" target="_blank">EWATER+ technology</a>. This system uses electrolyzed water to keep the wand and toilet bowl clean.</p><p><strong>Why buy:</strong> This high-end Toto electric bidet seat can help you reduce water and toilet paper use, and it can help reduce the need for chemical cleaning products with its EWATER+ technology.</p>
$1530
Toto Washlet A100
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNTY3MDg0Mi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1MzU0OTU3MH0.g2PYzguGXvB1l7RvWBcw_xNtlpy8hsmcwui8Twr3CMA/img.jpg?width=980" id="08295" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="d3d798b5d7737cddaadfd9f6fa5a84d6" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-width="400" data-height="400" />Toto USA
<p>The <a href="https://www.amazon.com/TOTO-SW2014-01-Electronic-SoftClose/dp/B0165UFOGS/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?crid=30E9Y1LAN9ZRW&dchild=1&keywords=toto+washlet+a100+elongated+bidet+toilet+seat&qid=1613589664&sprefix=toto+washlet+a100%2Caps%2C167&sr=8-1-spons&psc=1&spLa=ZW5jcnlwdGVkUXVhbGlmaWVyPUFBR1FMUTdJR1hXNUEmZW5jcnlwdGVkSWQ9QTAyNjIwOTkxUE1EWk5CQjg2QTZPJmVuY3J5cHRlZEFkSWQ9QTA0NDc1MzExSk1UMk5CQzJYVUhVJndpZGdldE5hbWU9c3BfYXRmJmFjdGlvbj1jbGlja1JlZGlyZWN0JmRvTm90TG9nQ2xpY2s9dHJ1ZQ==" target="_blank">A100</a> is an entry-level Washlet bidet attachment, but still offers numerous comfort features. It includes a heated seat with temperature control, aerated warm water with a dual action spray, and an attached arm control panel.</p><p><strong>Why buy: </strong>One of the most affordable Toto bidet options, it still lets you adjust the water temperature and pressure settings, and features rear and front cleaning functionality for a feminine wash.</p>
$499
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Marijuana edibles like these gummy bears may come with a higher risk than previously thought. Jamie Grill / Getty Images
Consuming marijuana edibles may not be as risk-free as some like to believe, Canadian doctors argue.
<p>There is still much left to be discovered about marijuana and its effects. Cannabis edibles take an average of around four hours longer to produce noticeable effects when compared to inhaled cannabis, which the authors of a commentary titled <em><a href="https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/1/E1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles</a></em> argue can lead to its overconsumption. Furthermore, the effects of cannabis consumption can last up to eight hours, leading to a much longer period of impairment. These factors create a heightened risk in "cannabis-naïve individuals" like children, older people or pets who may mistake edibles for candy or other food.</p><p><em>Cannabis sativa </em>is a plant that contains more than 80 different naturally occurring compounds called "cannabinoids," most well-known are cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), according to the <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-cannabis-research-and-drug-approval-process" target="_blank">U.S. Federal Drug Administration</a>. Marijuana edibles are products containing CBD or THC made for ingestion, which produce a variety of effects depending on the dosage, chemical makeup and individual response to the product. </p><p><br/></p>
<p>"Although edibles are commonly viewed as a safer and more desirable alternative to smoked or vaped cannabis, physicians and the public should be aware of several risks related to the use of cannabis edibles," <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-01/cmaj-cep123019.php" target="_blank">wrote</a> by physicians <a href="https://doctors.cpso.on.ca/DoctorDetails/Grewal-Jasleen/0328544-119051" target="_blank">Jasleen Grewal</a> and <a href="http://www.dlsph.utoronto.ca/faculty-profile/loh-lawrence-c/" target="_blank">Lawrence Loh</a> in the commentary published in the <a href="https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/1/E1" target="_blank">Canadian Medical Association Journal</a>. </p><p>In 2018, the northern nation became the first major world economy to legalize recreational marijuana in what that was likened to the ending of alcohol prohibition in the U.S, reported <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/world/canada/marijuana-pot-cannabis-legalization.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The New York Times</a>. In October of last year, Canada amended its cannabis regulations to authorize the legal production and sale of cannabis edibles.</p><p>In light of these new regulations, the use of marijuana is prevalent. A <a href="http://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190815/t005a-eng.htm" target="_blank">2019 National Cannabis Survey</a> found that more than one-in-four respondents in Canada had used cannabis in the previous three months and consumed edibles. By comparison, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuna-us-adults/one-in-seven-us-adults-used-marijuana-in-2017-idUSKCN1LC2B7" target="_blank">Reuters</a> reports that one-in-seven American adults reported using marijuana in 2017. However, that proportion went up dramatically for respondents who lived in states where marijuana was completely legal.</p>
<p>As of the beginning of this year, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1" target="_blank">Business Insider</a> reports there are 11 states with both legalized recreational and medical marijuana for adults over the age of 21, and 33 states that allow marijuana for medicinal purposes. However, legislation regarding the distribution, sale, use and growing largely vary between state governments and federal prohibition is still in effect, which means that in the U.S. there little regulatory oversight when it comes to safety regulations and consumer cautions. (Though <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarabrittanysomerset/2019/11/18/us-lawmakers-to-vote-on-more-act-to-end-federal-cannabis-prohibition/#1c9c990e423c" target="_blank">Forbes</a> reports that there have been congressional moves in recent months to legalize marijuana at a federal level.)</p><p>"After legalization of cannabis edibles in Colorado, the state poison control center saw a 70 percent increase in calls for accidental cannabis exposure in children from 2013 to 2017, and studies of health care usage reported more children than adults being treated for ingestion incidents," write the authors. </p><p>The authors argue that information available on edibles can be misleading and may run counter to what evidence suggests. A recent survey by the <a href="https://www.ccsa.ca/canadian-youth-perceptions-cannabis-report" target="_blank">Canadian Center on Substance Use and Addiction</a> found that younger consumers believe that cannabis edibles have a positive effect on mood, anxiety and sleep. Though the controversial plant has been linked to <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/medical-marijuana-2018011513085" target="_blank">health benefits</a> for many conditions, long-term consumption is also associated with <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127591" target="_blank">adverse effects</a> like panic attacks and psychosis. </p>
<p>The authors do not suggest banning marijuana, but instead argue that doctors and consumers should be aware of the effects of marijuana and should follow federal regulations regarding its use.</p><p>"Physicians should routinely question patients who ask about cannabis about their use or intended use of edible cannabis products so that they can counsel these patients regarding child safety, potential for accidental overconsumption and delayed effects, and potential for interactions with other substances such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, sleeping aids and opioids," caution the authors.</p><p>Additionally, the authors note that state efforts should continue to monitor cannabis use and continue evaluating the effects of legalized edibles to ensure that regulations are met and the most vulnerable groups are protected. </p>
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Marijuana Is More Than Just THC: A Look at the Untapped Healing Compounds
17 March 2019
Insights + Opinion
TorriPhoto / Moment / Getty Images
By James David Adams
Medical marijuana is legal in 33 states as of November 2018. Yet the federal government still insists marijuana has no legal use and is easy to abuse. In the meantime, medical marijuana dispensaries have an increasing array of products available for pain, anxiety, sex and more.
The glass counters and their jars of products in the dispensary resemble an 18th century pharmacy. Many strains for sale have evocative and magical names like Blue Dream, Bubba Kush and Chocolope. But what does it all mean? Are there really differences in the medical qualities of the various strains? Or, are the different strains with the fanciful names all just advertising gimmicks?
<p>
I am a professor in the University of Southern California School of Pharmacy. I have lived in California a long time and remember the Haight-Ashbury Summer of Love. While in graduate school, I worked with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shulgin" target="_blank">Prof. Alexander Shulgin</a>, the father of designer drugs, who taught me the chemistry of medicinal plants. Afterwards, while a professor at USC, I learned <a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh072" target="_blank">Chumash healing</a> from a Native American Chumash healer for 14 years from 1998 until 2012. She taught me how to make medicines from Californian plants, but not marijuana, which is not native to the U.S. Currently, I am teaching a course in medical marijuana to pharmacy students.
</p><p>
If there is one thing about marijuana that is certain: In small doses it can boost libido in men and women, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/all-about-sex/201808/the-largest-best-studies-yet-sex-and-marijuana" target="_blank">leading to more sex</a>. But can marijuana really be used for medical conditions?
</p>
<p>
<em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/james-david-adams-702439" style="" target="_blank">James David Adams</a> is an Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Southern California.</em>
</p><p>
<em style="">Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://theconversation.com/marijuana-is-a-lot-more-than-just-thc-a-pharmacologist-looks-at-the-untapped-healing-compounds-112935" style="" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.</em>
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What are Cannabinoids?
<p>New research is revealing that marijuana is more than just a source of cannabinoids, chemicals that may bind to cannabinoid receptors in our brains, which are used to get high. The most well-known is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Marijuana is a particularly rich source of medicinal compounds that we have only begun to explore. In order to harness the full potential of the compounds in this plant, society needs to overcome misconceptions about marijuana and look at what research clearly says about the medical value.</p><p><span></span>The FDA has already made some moves in this direction by approving prescription drugs that come from marijuana including dronabinol, nabilone, nabiximols and cannabidiol. Dronabinol and nabilone are cannabinoids that are used for nausea. Nabiximols — which contain THC, the compound most responsible for marijuana's high and cannabidiol, which does not induce a high — are used to treat <a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Multiple-Sclerosis-Information-Page" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a>. Cannabidiol, or <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/cbd">CBD</a>, is also used to <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/06/26/fda-approves-first-cbd-oil-derived-marijuana-treat-epilepsy/733567002/" target="_blank">treat some types of epilepsy</a>.</p><p>Marijuana, originally from the Altai Mountains in Central and East Asia, contains at <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.004" target="_blank">least 85 cannabinoids</a> and <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.004" target="_blank">27 terpenes</a>, fragrant oils that are produced by many herbs and flowers that may be active, drug-like compounds. THC is the cannabinoid everyone wants in order to get high. It is produced from THC acid — which constitutes up to 25 percent of the plant's dry weight — by smoking or baking any part of the marijuana plant.</p><p>THC mimics a naturally occurring neurotransmitter called <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Anandamide" target="_blank">anandamide</a> that works as a signaling molecule in the brain. Anandamide attaches to proteins in the brain called cannabinoid receptors, which then send signals related to pleasure, memory, thinking, perception and coordination, to name a few. THC works by hijacking these natural cannabinoid receptors, triggering a profound high.</p><p>Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, another cannabinoid, can constitute up to 10 percent of the dry weight. It is converted to another compound that probably contributes to a high, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tetrahydrocannabivarin" target="_blank">tetrahydrocannabivarin</a>, when smoked or ingested in baked goods. Potent varieties like Doug's Varin and Tangie may contain even higher concentrations.</p>Medical Properties of Marijuana
<p>But not all cannabinoids make you high. Cannabidiol, a cannabinoid similar to THC, and its acid are also present in marijuana, especially in certain varieties. But these do not cause euphoria. The cannabidiol molecule interacts with a variety of receptors — including cannabinoid and serotonin receptors and transient receptor potential cation channels (TRP) – <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00379-8" target="_blank">to reduce seizures</a>, combat anxiety and produce other effects.</p><p>Marijuana also contains several monoterpenoids — small, aromatic molecules — that have a wide range of activities <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5101045" target="_blank">including pain</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.11.004" target="_blank">anxiety relief and that work by inhibiting TRP channels.</a></p><p>Myrcene is the most abundant monoterpenoid, a type or terpene, in marijuana. It <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587690" target="_blank">can relax muscles</a>. Other terpenes such as pinene, linalool, limonene and the sesquiterpene, beta-caryophyllene are <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/5/10/1045" target="_blank">pain relievers, especially when applied directly to the skin</a> as a liniment. Some of these terpenes may add to the high when marijuana is smoked.</p>What Do All These Varieties Do?
<p>Many different varieties of marijuana are on the market and are alleged to treat a range of diseases. The FDA has no oversight for these claims, since the FDA does not recognize marijuana as a legal product.</p><p>Strains of marijuana are grown that produce more THC than cannadidiol or vice versa. Other varieties have abundant monoterpenoids. How do you know that the strain you choose is legitimate with probable medical benefits? Each strain should <a href="https://b2b.gocaliva.com/what-is-cannabis-certificate-of-analysis-coa-california/" target="_blank">have a certificate of analysis</a> that shows you how much of each active compound is present in the product you buy. Many states have a bureau of cannabis control that verifies these certificates of analysis. However, many certificates of analysis do not show the monoterpenoids present in the marijuana. The analysis of monoterpenoids is difficult since they evaporate from the plant material. If you are looking for a strain high in myrcene or linalool, ask for proof.</p><p>Marijuana can improve several conditions, but it can also make others worse and can have nasty side effects.</p><p>As recreational use has become more widespread, <a href="http://doi.org/10.14309/crj.2018.3" target="_blank">marijuana hyperemesis syndrome</a> is becoming more of a problem in our society. Some people vomit uncontrollably after smoking marijuana regularly. It can be <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494183" target="_blank">treated</a> by rubbing a cream made from capsaicin, from chili peppers, on the abdomen. Capsaicin cream is available in pharmacies.</p><p>Also, high THC varieties of marijuana, such as Royal Gorilla and Fat Banana, can <a href="http://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17r11839" target="_blank">cause anxiety and even psychosis</a> in some people.</p><p>Researchers have also shown that anxiety can be effectively treated with strains that have more cannabidiol and linalool. It may be best to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796018000239" target="_blank">rub a cannabidiol balm or lotion on your cheeks to relieve anxiety</a>.</p><p>Other conditions that studies have shown are improved by marijuana are: <a href="http://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0530" target="_blank">cancer induced nausea</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2303" target="_blank">Type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00379-8" target="_blank">two forms of epilepsy</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">HIV-induced weight gain</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0009" target="_blank">irritable bowel syndrome</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1673" target="_blank">migraines</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2012.721765" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13146" target="_blank">osteoarthritis</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kei183" target="_blank">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">pain</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">chronic pain</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-014-0212-3" target="_blank">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">sleep disorders</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25264643" target="_blank">traumatic brain injury</a>.</p><p>For some of these conditions, studies show that eating or topically applying marijuana products rather than smoking is recommended.</p><p>Clearly, more research is needed from the scientific community to help guide the appropriate, safe use of marijuana. However, the FDA does not recognize the use of medical marijuana. This makes funding for research on marijuana difficult to find. Perhaps the cannabis industry should consider funding scientific research on marijuana. But conflicts of interest may become a concern as we have seen with drug company-sponsored studies.</p>From Your Site Articles
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HighGradeRoots / iStock / Getty Images
By Jenny Wilkerson and Lance McMahon
Cannabidiol or CBD, has become a household name. On many social media sites, people suggest "but have you tried CBD oil?" on posts pertaining to any health-related issue.
<p>
CBD, a minor constituent of marijuana, is widely touted as <a href="https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/what-are-the-effects-of-cbd" target="_blank">nature's miracle by CBD enthusiasts</a>. It does not get people high, unlike marijuana's main constituent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, given the recent surge in its popularity, you'd think the molecule is magic.
</p><p>
We are behavioral pharmacology scientists, and we study how drugs act on the body. Specifically, we have an interest in developing <a href="https://addictionresearch.health.ufl.edu/faculty/jenny-l-wilkerson-ph-d/" target="_blank">new drugs for the treatment of pain</a> that possess lessened drug abuse potential, and <a href="https://addictionresearch.health.ufl.edu/faculty/lance-mcmahon/" target="_blank">therapeutic interventions for drug abuse</a>. Although there is scientific interest in the use of CBD for both pain and drug addiction, as well as many other medical indications, there is a lot that we still do not know about CBD.
</p><h2>CBD and THC: How Do They Work?</h2><p>
Drugs affect the body by binding and acting at various protein molecules, usually on the surface of the cells in the body, called receptors. These receptors then send signals that can impact bodily functions.
</p><p>
Marijuana has an effect on the body because many animals have receptors termed "cannabinoid receptors." There are two known cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for the effects of marijuana. Only one of them, the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), is responsible for the high from marijuana. These cannabinoid receptors are predominately found on nerve cells located throughout the body, including the brain.
</p><p>
CBD doesn't get people high because CBD does not <a href="http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/34/5/605.long" target="_blank">bind or act on CB1R</a>. CBD also does not bind or act on the other cannabinoid receptor, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442754" target="_blank">the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), predominately found on immune cells</a>. In contrast, THC binds and activates both of these receptors.
</p><p>
Studies indicate that CBD does, however, act on several other types of receptors. These include the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, which can help regulate <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079201901741" target="_blank">sleep</a>, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-010-2097-z" target="_blank">mood</a>, <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/95/18/10734.short" target="_blank">anxiety</a> and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1385/MN:30:2:117" target="_blank">pain</a>. CBD may also indirectly alter the body's own cannabinoid receptor activity.
</p><p>
However, scientists do not yet understand the exact manner in which CBD acts on the body. Likewise, many health-related anecdotal claims pertaining to CBD are not founded on solid scientific evidence, and may be due to well-documented <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/mental-health/the-power-of-the-placebo-effect" target="_blank">placebo effects</a>.
</p><p>
There is strong evidence, however, that CBD has enduring health benefits in the treatment of intractable epilepsy.
</p><h2>Charlotte's Web</h2><p>
It has been nearly six years since <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/07/health/charlotte-child-medical-marijuana/index.html" target="_blank">the story of the Charlotte's Web strain of marijuana</a> broke into national and international media. This strain of marijuana was named after Charlotte Figi, who struggled with intractable pediatric epilepsy until she was given oil extracted from the strain, which contains a higher CBD-to-THC content.
</p><p>
Charlotte's father saw an online video of a child from California with seizures who was being treated successfully with marijuana. As it turns out, the active compound that was helping Charlotte was not THC but CBD.
</p><p>
Based upon clinical evidence, GW Pharmaceuticals developed and licensed its own CBD extract, a drug now called Epidiolex. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673618301363?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">Clinical trials</a> with Epidiolex for the indications of Dravet syndrome and Lennox Gastaut syndrome, two forms of pediatric epilepsy, were resoundingly positive.
</p><p>
In June 2018, the Food and Drug Administration approved Epidiolex for treatment of these two forms of epilepsy in children that have not responded to other treatments.
</p><p>
Meanwhile, as the clinical trials for Epidiolex were underway, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/139/8/2164/1753701" target="_blank">a landmark study from Indiana University</a> demonstrated a possible mechanism for CBD's astounding effects on Dravet and Lennox Gastaut syndromes. These two syndromes are associated with genetic mutations in two genes that are important in the regulation of sodium ions.
</p><h2>A Specific Understanding</h2><p>
Nerve cells regulate the way they send signals by how ions, or molecules with either an overall positive or negative electric charge, flow in and out of their cells. The most common ions that regulate nerve cell signaling are sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride. These ions move in and out of the cell via pores known as ion channels.
</p><p>
In many forms of epilepsy, however, the movement of ions is not properly controlled. This leads to aberrant firing of the brain's nerve cells and seizure activity.
</p><p>
In both forms of the epilepsy for which CBD is effective, there are alterations in the channels that control the flow of sodium in and out of nerve cells, or what is called a "sodium channelopathy."
</p><p>
The study from Indiana University found that CBD can directly inhibit the aberrant flow of sodium ions in nerve cells that have sodium channelopathies. Importantly, CBD does not seem to impact the flow of sodium in healthy nerve cells.
</p><p>
Although CBD has marked effects on these sodium channelopathies, this does not mean that CBD will produce meaningful benefits to other forms of epilepsy.
</p><p>
Other forms of epilepsy are linked to regulation problems related to the flow of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5733250/" target="_blank">potassium ions</a> in cells. This type of pediatric epilepsy is resistant to all known therapeutics, including CBD.
</p><h2>A Potential Pain Therapeutic?</h2><p>
There are also claims that CBD can be used to address pain. And indeed, mounting evidence in pre-clinical laboratory studies show that CBD may be of use for the treatment and prevention of neuropathic pain, or an amplified response that may be due to nerve cell damage. In a mouse model of this type of pain, CBD injections <a href="https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.12439" target="_blank">prevented</a> and <a href="https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.13887" target="_blank">reversed the development of one hallmark sign of neuropathic pain</a>, called <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4281368/" target="_blank">mechanical allodynia</a>. This is the sensation of pain due to a non-noxious stimulus, such as the feeling of clothing on an area of skin that has a sunburn. A new study from McGill University in Montreal, Canada, shows that <a href="https://journals.lww.com/pain/fulltext/2019/01000/Cannabidiol_modulates_serotonergic_transmission.16.aspx" target="_blank">oral administration of CBD</a> produces these same effects in rats with a similar type of pain.
</p><p>
In both of these studies, the scientists discovered that these effects are likely due to actions at serotonin receptors. A study from scientists at the University of Kentucky suggested that CBD applied to the skin, or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851925/" target="_blank">transdermal CBD, may reduce inflammation in a rat model of arthritis</a>.
</p><p>
However, additional studies from the laboratory at Temple University show that <a href="https://journals.lww.com/behaviouralpharm/Abstract/2015/04000/Distinct_interactions_of_cannabidiol_and_morphine.7.aspx" target="_blank">CBD does not work for all types of pain when tested in animals</a>.
</p><p>
An important caveat to these findings is that not all compounds that produce effects in rodent pain studies will work in humans. Further, most of these studies examined the effects of injected CBD. So far, there is little evidence showing therapeutic effects of either edible or transmucosal, the administration of a drug across a mucous membrane, CBD for pain. There is only limited evidence for the use of transdermal CBD. Thus, until more scientific studies are conducted, the hype that CBD can successfully treat various forms of pain in humans is premature.
</p><h2>CBD: Beyond the Laboratory</h2><p>
Still curious about all the hype? Before running to the local supermarket health food isle to purchase CBD to conduct your own at-home trial, there are a few more points to consider.
</p><p>
Most CBD products sold in grocery stores are touted as "hemp-derived." That is, they come from a cannabis plant that has a purportedly extremely low amount of THC. Typically, hemp-derived products are made from the stalks and roots of the plant. This is in contrast to marijuana, which can contain varying amounts of THC and comes from the flowers of the cannabis plant. Recently, hemp-derived products were removed from the Controlled Substances Act.
</p><p>
However, it remains unclear if hemp-derived CBD works in the same exact manner as marijuana-derived CBD. Further, the FDA does not approve of CBD products as dietary supplements, or the marketing of any health-related claims. Also, the agency prohibits the addition of either THC or CBD to food products sold in <a href="https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm421168.htm" target="_blank">interstate commerce for human or animal consumption</a>.
</p><p>
As long as there are no associated medical claims, the FDA allows the use of hemp oil and seeds in cosmetics. However, the usefulness of hemp products in cosmetics also remains to be determined.
</p><p>
Further, as many of the items on the supermarket shelf are not approved by the FDA, there is limited oversight into their production, and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5818782/" target="_blank">the amount of CBD, if any, that these products contain are often mislabeled or misleading</a>. Thus, it is too soon to say if CBD is truly a rising star, or merely a fad that will burn out and fall to Earth.
</p><p>
<em>Editor's note: This article has been updated to correct the name of the company, GW Pharmaceuticals, that developed Epidiolex.</em>
</p><p>
<em></em> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate </em><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/cannabidiol-rising-star-or-popular-fad-110146" target="_blank">The Conversation</a></em><em>.</em>
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Facing Controversy and a Takeover, Canadian Cannabis Company Names Organic Products Mogul as Chairman
03 January 2019
Business
Daniel Brothers / Moment / Getty Images
Embattled Canadian cannabis company Aphria Inc. named a new, independent chairman in a press release on Dec. 27, 2018: Hain Celestial Group Inc. Founder Irwin D. Simon.
<p>
The announcement comes as the company faces a takeover bid from Ohio-based cannabis company Green Growth Brands Inc, <a href="https://www.newsday.com/business/irwin-simon-aphria-cannabis-hain-1.25363470" target="_blank">Newsday reported Wednesday</a>. The appointment also occurred in the same month as an exposé from <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/aphria-a-shell-game-with-a-cannabis-business-on-the-side/" target="_blank">Hindenburg Research</a> alleging that Aphria investors were attempting to siphon money from shareholders.
</p><p>
In its press release announcing their decision, Aphria emphasized the fact that appointing Simon as an independent chair would "advance the Company's governance best practices." Their board of directors now has 10 members and a majority, six, are independent.
</p><p>
"Aphria remains committed to strong corporate governance and promoting a culture of integrity and ethical behaviour throughout the organization," the company wrote.
</p><p>
Simon had served as CEO of the Hain Celestial Group for 25 years since founding the organic and natural products company in 1993. He had stepped down as CEO in November, though he continues to act as nonexecutive chairman, Newsday reported.
</p><p>
"Irwin Simon is a dynamic leader and entrepreneur who understands the complexities and responsibilities of building a successful and competitive company," Aphria CEO Vic Neufeld said in the press release. "As we continue to focus on building an extremely dynamic, global cannabis company with tremendous opportunity for substantial shareholder value creation, Irwin's decades of operational and strategic experience in health and wellness and consumer packaged goods will be very valuable."
</p><p>
In an <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/01/02/green-growth-could-become-a-strategic-partner-for-aphria-says-irwin-simon.html" target="_blank">interview with CNBC Wednesday</a>, Simon said that the cannabis industry today reminded him of the natural organic food industry in the 1990s. He touted it as a major growth opportunity, saying it would be a $15 billion business if all 50 states legalize it. In Canada, it is currently a $5.5 billion industry, he said. Beyond smoking for pleasure, he saw major growth potential in <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/food/" target="_blank">food</a>, beverages, supplements, vitamins and medicine.
</p><p>
"You want to talk about trends in 2019. The whole cannabis world is one of the hottest trends I've seen," he told CNBC.
</p><p>
Newsday reported that the legal cannabis market is expected to grow by 14.7 percent per year, to reach $25 billion by 2025, according to the cannabis research firm New Frontier Data.
</p><p>
When asked about the takeover attempt by Green Growth Brands, Simon said the company's current offer was too low to make it a potential strategic partner at the current moment, but that in the future a partnership might be possible, since the company owns many retail outlets.
</p><p>
"While we appreciate GGB's interest in the value we have created at Aphria and our significant growth prospects, their proposal falls short of rewarding our shareholders for participating in such a transaction," Simon wrote in <a href="https://aphria.ca/blog/aphria-responds-to-unsolicited-proposal-by-green-growth-brands/" target="_blank">Aphria's official response</a>.
</p><p>
Aphria found that Green Growth Brands' proposal would be 23 percent below its average share price.
</p><p>
The takeover isn't the only controversy Aphria faced this month. In the <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/aphria-a-shell-game-with-a-cannabis-business-on-the-side/" target="_blank">Dec. 3, report</a>, Hindenburg Research accused the company of being a "shell game" because, it claimed, its recent Latin American acquisitions were "largely worthless." These included an abandoned building in Jamaica that had been sold off by a bank earlier in 2018 and an Argentinian company that one worker said had a 2017 revenue less than half of what Aphria had claimed.
</p><p>
Aphria responded to the report restating the value of its acquisitions, but <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/aphria-our-response/" target="_blank">Hindenburg Research pointed out</a> that it did not dispute key claims, such as the claim that the purchases were made through a series of shell companies or that the supposed office of their Jamaican subsidiary was an abandoned building.
</p><p>
Hindenburg Research also <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/the-latest-act-in-the-aphria-circus-a-very-obviously-related-party-hostile-takeover-offer/" target="_blank">raised questions about the takeover</a>, noting that, among other irregularities, Aphria CEO Neufeld was on the board of of advisers of Green Acre Capital, a group that sponsors the fund that is Green Growth Brands' second biggest shareholder.
</p><p>
"We view this offer as non-credible and likely an attempt to generate the appearance of demand in the hopes of spurring credible offers," Hindenburg Research wrote.
</p><p>Simon was no stranger to controversy at Hain Celestial. During his tenure, the company settled a nearly $10 million dollar lawsuit in California over claims that two brands it sold as organic did not actually meet the requirements of California's Organic Products Act, <a href="https://www.newsday.com/business/hain-celestial-settles-mislabeling-lawsuit-for-nearly-10-million-1.10882747" target="_blank">Newsday reported at the time</a>.</p>
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Let's start the new year off with a look at what's happening with Cannabis, a food politics topic because of its edibles.
<p><strong>First, the legal status</strong></p><p>The word is that the market for Cannabis products—including edibles and drinkables—constitutes a "<a href="https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2018/10/15/Over-half-of-consumers-interested-in-cannabis-enhanced-food-products-research-shows?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=15-Oct-2018&c=16HhEPChu5CiD250SNpX779EpmVUB7Pm&p2=" target="_blank">21st century gold rush</a>," despite their <a href="https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2018/10/11/SPECIAL-FEATURE-What-is-the-regulatory-status-of-CBD-in-food-and-beverage-products" target="_blank">illegal regulatory status</a> in the U.S.</p><p>Illegal? Here's what the <a href="https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm421168.htm#dietary_supplements" target="_blank">the FDA says</a>:</p><blockquote><strong>12, Can products that contain THC or cannabidiol (CBD) be sold as dietary supplements?</strong><br>A. No.<br><br><strong>13, Is it legal, in interstate commerce, to sell a food to which THC or CBD has been added?</strong><br>A. No<br></blockquote><p>As for the status of Cannabis in Canada, the details are <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html" target="_blank">here</a>. Cannabis became legal in October, with <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45910179" target="_blank">some amusing results, here</a>. And then, there's the question of Cannabis-infused beer, of all things:</p><ul class="ee-ul"> <li><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a2-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5AKl6xD8XS2fhHSvqr8qH1B&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=_2HJsjlXebs2A_t1fiV9TlLSnH0nELKS1vYvZJC-ha8&e=" target="_blank">Molson Coors: Cannabis beverages could be a $3bn market in Canada</a>: </strong>Molson Coors says its well placed to take a "meaningful share" of the cannabis beverage market in Canada when it opens up in the fall of 2019, eyeing the size of a substantial prize… <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a3-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5B0RqgGhd4ifv-252FnYTCdtxPy&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=1Gv3bKp82ZwISESGjoPQvkKU6WF8ZcLTuvJVffyS0Xo&e=" target="_blank">Read</a></li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"><li><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63aa-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5CKGi7yr-252FJRNWqXIuOBUP0F&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=KE91QNYzdoQW0TY4i45VRKUntDaqK9H6saO67bdvlXg&e=" target="_blank">Cannabis-brewed craft beer: Province Brands of Canada and Lost Craft Beer partner ahead of product launch</a>: </strong>Province Brands of Canada and Ontario brewery Lost Craft Beer are partnering to create beer brewed from cannabis instead of barley… <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63ab-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5AbAm7WgUXXqMLYuZGKTVq8&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=hoV5qimuv3MW05Eu2cTd0-8uOqDNzzBsibCUBUkN1eY&e=" target="_blank">Read</a></li></ul><p>Cannabis-infused beer gets lots of attention, but craft brewers are worried about the competition.</p><ul class="ee-ul"><li><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a0-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5BJS71jOvgbsA7vBgaQgML3&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=kcZHpKrqhuTLPoINPKlthv-9HToK0w7mOhN4KsznmkU&e=" target="_blank">"The iPhone is a bigger threat to craft beer than cannabis!" Brewers Association:</a> </strong>While some brewers are concerned that cannabis could emerge as a competitor to beer, the Brewers Association has not seen any evidence that it's a huge threat to the craft beer sector. In fact, it believes cannabis could open up new innovation opportunities for the industry… <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a1-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5DYQlaO7mruzIVg9it31rGV&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=FOyVjGU9Q9KKEhBxhrZHv6bQ27DM8HD2IWi_Wzxp400&e=" target="_blank">Read</a></li></ul><p><strong>What About Research on the Effects of THC?</strong></p><p>It's been difficult to do it because of restrictions on illegal substances, but because the <a href="https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/farm-bill-caps-historic-year-for-cannabis/Content?oid=12623650" target="_blank">Farm Bill took hemp off the list</a>, observers are hopeful that research possibilities will open up.</p><p>In the meantime, some research is ongoing. For example: <a href="https://examine.com/nutrition/cannabis-munchies/" target="_blank">Cannabis increases appetite</a> but whether it causes weight gain is still uncertain.</p><p>We will be hearing a lot more about this topic, I predict. Stay tuned.</p><p>Happy new year, stoned or not.</p>
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This sponsored post was brought to you by Authority Health and written by Barrett Jones, PharmD
Cannabis oil is quickly gaining momentum in the health industry as it has become an appealing option for people who are looking for relief from pain and from other health issues.
In this article, we will be looking at what scientific studies show when it comes to how cannabis oil might treat a wide variety of common ailments.
<p>The following health benefits have been reported when using cannabis oil and are also backed by scientific research:</p><p><strong>Cannabis Oil Can Relieve Pain</strong></p><p>Marijuana has been used to treat pain for many years. Recently, it has also been discovered that cannabis oil (CBD), which is a certain component of marijuana, also has pain-relieving properties.</p><p>The endocannabinoid system (ECS) within the human body helps to regulate many important functions such as immune system response, pain, appetite and sleep. The body produces neurotransmitters or endocannabinoids which bind to cannabinoid receptors in the nervous system. It has been shown that CBD will reduce pain as it impacts the endocannabinoid receptor activity, interacts with neurotransmitters and reduces inflammation. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5478794/" target="_blank">Research shows</a> that CBD injections reduce the pain of surgical incision in rats and that it also reduces inflammation and nerve pain. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25699191" target="_blank">Humans studies showed</a> that it is also effective in treating the pain of arthritis and multiple sclerosis sufferers.</p><p>If you want to read a bit more about whether cannabis oil is the right choice for managing your pain, go to <a href="https://www.authorityhealth.com/" target="_blank">Authority Health</a> to find out about the different natural ways to help alleviate pain. </p><p><strong>It Reduces Depression And Anxiety</strong></p><p>Depression and anxiety can have catastrophic impacts on your well-being and health and even though these disorders are usually treated with pharmaceutical drugs, they often cause many side effects such as headaches, insomnia, agitation, and drowsiness. </p><p>Many people who live with anxiety and depression have become interested in cannabis oil's natural approach as it has shown to treat these disorders without the side effects experienced when using other conventional drugs. It has been shown that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079847/" target="_blank">CBD reduces anxiety</a>, speech performance and cognitive impairment. This is because CBD is believed to act on the receptors of the brain for serotonin (the neurotransmitter that regulates social behavior and mood). </p><p><a href="https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/cheap-natural-quick-anxiety-remedies/" target="_blank">Read more</a> about how to tame your anxiety without a visit to the doctor's office or without the use of medication.</p><p><strong>It Can Reduce Cancer-Related Symptoms</strong></p><p>Not only can CBD reduce cancer-related symptoms, but it can also <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983116" target="_blank">reduce negative side effects of cancer treatment</a> such as pain, vomiting and nausea. Some studies even found that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566064" target="_blank">CBD may have anticancer properties</a> as it induces cell death in breast cancer cells in humans. However, these are animal studies and test tube studies which means that it is not certain yet whether it will also be effective in humans. </p><p><strong>CBD Reduces Acne</strong></p><p>Acne is believed to be caused by many different factors such as the overproduction of sebum, underlying inflammation, bacteria, genetics and more. Due to CBD's ability to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094344" target="_blank">reduce the production of sebum</a> and because of its <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061872" target="_blank">anti-inflammatory properties</a>, it will be able to help treat acne. </p><p><strong>It Is Good For Brain Health</strong></p><p>It is said that CBD may provide some benefits for those who have neurological disorders, such as <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a> and epilepsy. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525548" target="_blank">Studies have found</a> that cannabis oil can reduce spasms in up to 75% of multiple sclerosis sufferers. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26724101" target="_blank">Another study</a> gave people with epilepsy CBD oil after which their seizures reduced by 36.5%.</p><p>It has <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845114" target="_blank">also been shown</a> that CBD treatment improved the sleep quality and quality of life for patients with Parkinson's disease. </p><p><strong>It Is Good For Your Heart </strong></p><p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5470879/" target="_blank">Research shows</a> that CBD has been linked to many benefits for the circulatory system as well as for the heart. This includes the ability to lower blood pressure (which is linked to many health conditions such as metabolic syndrome, heart attack and stroke).</p><p>It might be because of CBD's ability to lower blood pressure that it is also effective at reducing anxiety and stress. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026637/" target="_blank">Animal studies</a> have also shown that CBD may reduce cell death and inflammation associated with heart disease because of its powerful stress-reducing and antioxidant properties. </p><p><strong>More Potential Benefits</strong></p><p>CBD is believed to provide benefits for the following conditions as well, although more studies are needed:</p> <ul class="ee-ul"> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25667194" target="_blank">CBD may help people with mental disorders</a> such as schizophrenia as it reduces antipsychotic symptoms.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>It can be used as substance abuse treatment as it has been shown to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444130/" target="_blank">modify brain circuits related to addiction</a>. It has further been shown to reduce heroin-seeking and morphine dependence behavior in rats.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>In animal studies and test-tube studies, it has been shown that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25916739" target="_blank">CBD has anti-tumor effects</a>. It has also been shown to prevent the spread of lung, colon, brain, prostate and breast cancer in animals.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Treatment with CBD has the potential to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698671" target="_blank">reduce diabetes by 56%</a> and it also reduced inflammation. It, therefore, acts as an excellent diabetes prevention method.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Are There Any Side Effects?</strong></p><p>CBD may cause some negative side effects in some people, even though it is considered safe and generally well tolerated. The following side effects have been noted or reported:</p> <ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Fatigue</li> <li>Changes in appetite</li> <li>Diarrhea</li> </ul> <p>It is also important to note that CBD does interact with a variety of medications and it is, therefore, essential to discuss the fact that you take it with your doctor to ensure that you are safe and to avoid any possible interactions. </p><p><strong>What It All Comes Down To</strong></p><p>Studies have shown that CBD oil can be effective in treating many health issues such as heart disease, depression, anxiety, acne, mental health disorders, substance abuse treatment and diabetes. It has even been shown to have anti-tumor effects and that it might be a natural alternative for pain relief and the treatment of cancer. </p><p>Even though research is quite new, the research of potential benefits of CBD is still ongoing and the chance is, therefore, good that new therapeutic uses will soon be discovered. </p><p>It seems like CBD is relatively safe to use with minor side effects reported by some. It is a powerful and safe natural treatment which might reduce symptoms for many health-related issues. <br></p><p><em><em>Barrett Jones </em>is a clinical pharmacologist who studied at Baylor College of Medicine, Texas. He currently works in a chemistry laboratory in Columbia University (where he also lecturers occasionally) investigating how pharmaceuticals interact with our biological systems. He specializes in and is passionate about how medication used for treating ADD and ADHD may impact long-term cognitive abilities. He has written many papers and is often consulted in a number of lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies.</em><br></p><p><em>He follows a strict diet loosely based on the Keto principles and enjoys the science and chemistry behind food and preparing meals. He is an avid cyclist and cross country runner. His aspirations include only to be the best at what he does, whatever that may be.</em><br></p>
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New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo said Monday he will push to fully legalize recreational marijuana in the state as part of his agenda for the next year.
"The fact is we have had two criminal justice systems: one for the wealthy and the well off, and one for everyone else," Cuomo said in a speech about his agenda for the first 100 days of his third term, as quoted by The New York Times.
<p>
He said the injustice had "for too long targeted the African-American and minority communities."
</p><p>
"Let's legalize the adult use of recreational marijuana once and for all," Cuomo added.
</p><p>
The District of Columbia and 10 states—Alaska, Colorado, California, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and Vermont—have legalized marijuana for recreational use.
</p><p>
As EcoWatch
<a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/5-reasons-legalizing-pot-is-good-for-the-planet-1882056664.html" target="_blank">previously mentioned</a>, there's a strong environmental case for a consistent national policy on marijuana:
</p><blockquote>
Growing marijuana has a series of negative environmental impacts that are worsened by black market and semi-legal growing, which make regulations harder to enact and enforce. By making it fully legal, regulations could be enacted governing its cultivation to mitigate these impacts.
</blockquote><p>
Legalizing weed could result in higher standards for its cultivation. For instance, in Boulder, Colorado—first state to decriminalize marijuana—commercial marijuana growers
<a href="https://www.bouldercounty.org/environment/sustainability/marijuana-offset-fund/" target="_blank">are required offset their electricity use</a> with local <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/renewable-energy" target="_blank">renewable energy</a> or pay a 2.16 cent charge per kWh.
</p><p>
In California, which legalized recreational marijuana sales earlier this year, the state was required to create strict environmental measures to regulate pot growers' use of
<a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/pesticides" target="_self">pesticides</a>, water and energy, according to the <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/california-marijuana-wildlife-2468008604.html" target="_blank">Center for Biological Diversity</a>.
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</p><div id="74736" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="MS0V8J1576662600"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="614468685152002048" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">5 Reasons Legalizing Pot Is Good for the Planet
http://t.co/FnC7RpZz9U @legalize @WeedFeed @CannabisNews @nature_org http://t.co/MLJOmJ204z</div> — EcoWatch (@EcoWatch)<a href="https://twitter.com/EcoWatch/statuses/614468685152002048">1435335725.0</a></blockquote></div>
<p></p><p>
Legalizing marijuana in New York could bring in more than $1.7 billion in sales annually, the Times reported.
</p><p>
Monday's announcement is a stark change of tune for the Democratic governor, who said as recently as 2017 that marijuana was a "<a href="https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2017/02/cuomo-says-he-remains-opposed-to-recreational-marijuana-109436" target="_blank">gateway drug</a>."
</p><p>
Cuomo's opponent in this year's gubernatorial primary, actress and activist Cynthia Nixon, called for legalizing pot, arguing that current marijuana laws unfairly target minority users.
</p><p>
Cuomo later told the <a href="https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/beware-perils-legal-pot-article-1.3950522" target="_blank">New York Daily News</a> in April that "the facts have changed on marijuana," noting that as more states legalize marijuana, the Empire State would likely have to follow.
</p>
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Coca-Cola is "closely watching" the cannabis drinks market, the world's largest beverage company said Monday in an online statement.
Coke announced its interest after a report from Canada's BNN Bloomberg said the soda giant was in "serious talks" with Edmonton-based Aurora Cannabis, a medical marijuana producer and distributor, to develop drinks infused with cannabidiol, or CBD.
<p>
CBD, a cannabis extract that does not have the psychoactive elements of marijuana, is used to treat a variety of medical conditions and ailments.
</p><p>
The oil has boomed in popularity as a growing number of states and countries, including Canada, legalize sales of cannabis products for recreational use. The CBD market is <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/forecast-indicates-cbd-global-market-projected-to-experience-continued-significant-growth-678632383.html" target="_blank">forecast to grow to $2.1 billion by 2020</a>, a dramatic increase from last year's market value of $202 million, according to Hemp Business Journal. Canadians can legally buy and consume cannabis starting this Oct. 17.
</p><p>
Coca-Cola and Aurora would likely develop drinks to ease inflammation, pain and cramping, the BNN report said. The beverages would be unlike the cannabis-infused drinks that <a href="https://hightimes.com/news/molson-coors-plans-brew-non-alcoholic-cannabis-infused-drinks/" target="_blank">beer makers</a> are planning to produce that would likely give drinkers the same buzz from inhaling marijuana.
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</p><div id="e30ac" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="3MUYUM1576662698"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1041953706252685317" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">Coca-Cola, the world’s largest beverage company, could be the next industry giant to jump into the cannabis drinks… https://t.co/kpBlxiyUP0</div> — QuickTake by Bloomberg (@QuickTake by Bloomberg)<a href="https://twitter.com/QuickTake/statuses/1041953706252685317">1537256096.0</a></blockquote></div>
<p></p><p>
Coke is diversifying its product portfolio, with recent investments in the <a href="https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/multiple-coke-brands-bubble-up-in-fast-growing-sparkling-water-c">sparkling water</a> category and <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/a9563cf6-b82f-11e8-bbc3-ccd7de085ffe" target="_blank">coffee</a>. Demand for sugary sodas has declined <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soda-sales-study/u-s-soda-sales-drops-for-12th-straight-year-trade-publication-idUSKBN17L2HN" target="_blank">year upon year</a> over the last decade as consumers become more health conscious.
</p><p>
In response to the BNN report, Coca-Cola said it has "no interest in marijuana or cannabis."
</p><p>
"Along with many others in the beverage industry, we are closely watching the growth of non-psychoactive CBD as an ingredient in functional wellness beverages around the world," the company added. "The space is evolving quickly. No decisions have been made at this time."
</p><p>
Following the BNN report, Aurora's stock spiked 17 percent and Coke's also jumped slightly, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-coca-cola-jointventure-aurora-cannabi/coke-aurora-in-talks-to-make-cannabis-infused-drinks-bnn-bloomberg-idUSKCN1LX17K" target="_blank">Reuters</a> noted.</p>
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</p><div id="76bed" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="4D3BW61576662698"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet twitter-custom-tweet" data-twitter-tweet-id="1021606442518888448" data-partner="rebelmouse"><div style="margin:1em 0">How to be in the know with #CBDoil
#cbd #weed #marijuana #health #theconversation
@conversationuk… https://t.co/C8V1dKJGo9</div> — EcoWatch (@EcoWatch)<a href="https://twitter.com/EcoWatch/statuses/1021606442518888448">1532404931.0</a></blockquote></div>
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WeedPornDaily / Flickr / CC BY 2.0
By Brian Barth
The federal government still considers it a crime to grow or possess cannabis, but 30 states have now legalized it to varying degrees. Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Nevada, Colorado, Maine and Massachusetts have decriminalized weed for recreational use, and similar legislation is under consideration elsewhere. Pardon the pun, but it is high time we talk about how to grow the stuff.
<p><span></span></p><p>The old-fashioned way—outdoors—is easiest. The trend towards indoor cultivation is more a product of, one, a desire to hide what you're doing (no longer necessary in many locales); and two, to exert total control over growing conditions for the sake of producing enormous buds with maximum market value. But if your sole goal is just to have a bit of decent weed around to occasionally enjoy, you may as well plant it alongside your zucchini and basil.</p><p>Growing a successful cannabis crop is a bit more complicated than your average vegetable, but not much. Before you get carried away, familiarize yourself with your local laws—NORML provides a comprehensive list <a href="http://norml.org/laws" target="_blank">here</a>. Horticulturally speaking, here's what you need to know.</p><h2>Varieties</h2><p>Plenty of mail-order firms have sprung up to fill the demand for legal plant material. There are thousands of varieties, with all the trippy descriptions you would expect. If you want a cerebral high and non-skunky citrus flavor, there is a breed for that; if you want something that is good for anxiety, low in THC, and grows less than 3 feet tall, you can find that too.</p><p>Most importantly, purchase seeds for varieties suited to outdoor conditions, rather than those bred for indoor grow operations. Any reputable supplier will specify that information in their varietal listings. Most will also note mold-resistant varieties, which are a wise choice in humid regions, as well as those with a "short flowering period," an important consideration in northerly latitudes (this is akin to the "days to maturity" listed on packets of vegetable seed).</p><h2>Understanding Male and Female Plants</h2><p>Cannabis is one of many species in the plant kingdom that produce male and female flowers on separate plants. Females produce fat flower "buds" rich in psychoactive compounds, while male plants produce spindly little flowers that aren't worth smoking (or however you choose to partake).</p><p>When you plant cannabis seeds, you typically end up with about half male plants and half female plants. It is imperative to get rid of the males before the plants begin to flower, as the male pollen will result in female buds that are full of seeds, which is no good. It's not that hard to determine the sex of cannabis seedlings—you can find <a href="https://herb.co/marijuana/news/seeds-101-all-you-need-to-know-about-sexing-your-sprouts" target="_blank">instructions here</a>—and cull the males.</p><p>But it can be even easier! How? Look for varieties labeled "feminized." These are seeds that have been bred to produce only female plants and are highly recommended for novice cannabis gardeners.</p><p>Another option is to purchase "clones," which are rooted cuttings of female plants. This is essentially like buying vegetable seedlings, rather than seeds, which saves you the time and effort required for germination, along with the trouble of weeding out the males.</p><h2>Starting Seeds</h2><p>Weed seeds require no special treatment, though they'll germinate faster if you soak them in water for a few days before planting. As with tomatoes and other heat-loving vegetables, you're better off starting the seed indoors in a sunny window in early spring, and then transplanting the seedlings outdoors once all danger of frost has passed.</p><h2>Growing Conditions</h2><p>To do well, cannabis plants require a minimum of six hours of direct sun each day and excellent drainage. They'll do fine in a typical raised bed like you'd use for vegetables, though five-gallon pots filled with potting soil also work well for pot (hard to resist the punny wordplay!). Good air circulation is critical for preventing fungal diseases, so space the plants at least six feet apart (closer is ok for dwarf varieties) to ensure that they don't resemble a dense hedge by the end of summer.</p><p>Cannabis plants love their nutrients, so plan to enrich the beds with composted manure, ideally at least one month prior to planting, if not the previous fall. Spread a minimum of 2 inches of compost over the planting area and work it into the soil. If planting in pots, you can rely on fertilizer, rather than compost.</p><h2>Feeding and Watering</h2><p>This crop is also a thirsty one, so be sure to irrigate whenever the surface of the soil becomes dry. Adding a layer of mulch once the plants are knee-high will cut back on the loss of soil moisture through evaporation and help to prevent other "weeds" from getting established in your weed planting.</p><p>If your beds are sufficiently rich, fertilizer is not required, though it will lead to better results (it's a must for potted plants). Apply a high-nitrogen fertilizer every three weeks until mid-summer, as this will stimulate abundant vegetative growth. Then switch to one higher in phosphorus to stimulate dense and abundant flowers (buds).</p><h2>Pruning</h2><p>Depending on the variety, outdoor plants can grow 12 feet or more in height. Most growers prune them, which makes the plants easier to manage and results in far more buds. Professional growers have perfected pruning to a fine art for the sake of maximizing yield, but for the casual grower is sufficient to cut back the most vigorous shoots from time to time. Simply clip off the outer 30 percent of each major shoot every few weeks.</p><p>Pruning encourages a bushier form (rather than a tall, spindly plant) by stimulating the growth of numerous small side shoots, each of which will produce additional buds. Just be sure to stop pruning by mid-summer, so as not to interfere with flower production.</p><h2>Harvest</h2><p>Buds will begin to form in late summer and should be ready for harvest during the month of October. You'll know they are ready when the flower pistils—those wispy hairs that emanate from the buds—turn from white to reddish-brown.</p><p>Cut the buds from the plants, leaving 6 or 8 inches of stem below each one, and trim off all the leaves. Hang them from their stems to dry in a warm, shaded place for about a week. The weed is now ready to use. Trim the buds from the stem and store in a glass jar.</p><p> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2018/08/how-to-grow-cannabis-in-your-garden/" target="_blank">Modern Farmer</a>.</em><em></em></p>
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By Phillip Smith
Archeologists in China have uncovered a 2,500-year-old gravesite that contains the bones of a man draped in freshly harvested marijuana plants—with the budding tops lopped off. As first reported in National Geographic, researchers say the "extraordinary cache" helps deepen our understanding of the plant's ritual and medicinal use in ancient Eurasian cultures.
According to research findings reported in the journal Economic Botany, a team led by archeologist Hongen Jiang unearthed the burial site of a man, approximately 35 years old with Caucasian features, from a cemetery in China's Turpan Basin. At the time of the man's death, the area was known as the Gushi Kingdom and the desert oasis there was an important stop on the Silk Road.
<p>The remains of the man rested on a wooden pallet with a reed pillow beneath his head. Thirteen marijuana plants up to three feet long were placed diagonally across his chest, the tops running from just under his chin and along the left side of his face, forming a sort of cannabis shroud.</p><p>It's not the first time signs of marijuana have been found in archeological digs in the region. In 2008, a burial site in nearby Yanghai cemetery <a href="http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/15/4171.full" target="_blank">turned up</a> turned up nearly a kilogram of marijuana seeds and powdered leaves. Not far to the west, marijuana seeds have also turned up in first millennium B.C.E. Scythian burials in southern Siberia.<span></span><br></p><p>But this is the first time archeologists have uncovered complete marijuana plants and the first time they've seen them used as a shroud, Jiang said. Because they are whole plants, researchers can determine that they were grown locally, rather than obtained by trade from elsewhere.</p><p>The plants were lying flat on the man's body, meaning they had been fresh when harvested in the area. Also, most of the flowering buds—interestingly, all females—had been collected, enabling the archeologists to determine that the burial had occurred in late summer, when the plants would have been mature.</p><p>The fact that all the plants are females is especially suggestive, as the female plants contain the highest quantities of THC, the cannabinoid responsible for creating marijuana's high. Not only that, the remaining buds turned out—even 25 centuries later—to be covered in trichomes, the tiny "hairs" that secrete the resin containing THC and the other cannabinoids.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy84MjA2MTk0L29yaWdpbi5qcGciLCJleHBpcmVzX2F0IjoxNjc2Nzg2ODA5fQ.e404XLYnpWXVfCuPLWA5SiAAQUHY8nqO_BOIwvV_b6Q/img.jpg?width=980" id="0db4d" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="a8f02ca78e5436556bf2144a680ce04f" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image"><small placeholder="add photo credit..." class="image-media media-photo-credit">Hongen Jiang / University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</small></p><p>That and a lack of discoveries of hemp textiles, led the archeologists to suggest marijuana had been grown and harvested for its intoxicating properties and could have been smoked or consumed in a beverage for ritual and/or medicinal purposes.</p><p>The Turpan "Reefer Man" is just the latest evidence that marijuana consumption was "very popular" along the Silk Road and across the steppes at least 2,500 years before mid-20th-century jazz musicians and beatniks began to popularize it here.</p><p><em>This article was reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="http://www.alternet.org/drugs/ancient-marijuana-burial-shroud-uncovered-silk-road-desert-oasis" target="_blank">AlterNet</a>. </em><br></p>
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