Bloomberg Creative / Bloomberg Creative Photos / Getty Images
By Zulfikar Abbany
The search for a vaccine for the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, or indeed a medicinal drug to cure it, has taken researchers down both traditional and less traditional avenues.
<p>They have looked at existing drug candidates, such as <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-remdesivir-is-no-miracle-cure/a-53326847" target="_blank">remdesivir,</a> which was original developed to treat Ebola. In Germany, the first clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine are <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-start-first-coronavirus-vaccine-trial/a-53211375" target="_blank">based on a candidate</a> developed for cancer immunology. </p>
<p><em>Reposted with permission from <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-the-tide-is-coming-for-medicinal-cannabis/a-53371342" target="_blank">Deutsche Welle</a>.<a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/r/entryeditor/2645960669#/" target="_self"></a></em><em></em></p>
<p>There's a study out of France that suggests <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/does-nicotine-help-against-the-new-coronavirus/a-53260336" target="_blank">nicotine</a> — typically ingested via the often-lethal pastime of smoking — may protect people against the novel coronavirus, itself a potentially fatal lung infection. </p><p>And, now, preliminary research is emerging out of Canada that certain strains of the psychoactive drug cannabis may also increase resistance to the coronavirus. If the study, which is not yet peer reviewed, can be verified, it would appear that cannabis works in a similar way to nicotine.</p><p>"The results on COVID-19 came from our studies on arthritis, Crohn's disease, cancer and others," said Dr. Igor Kovalchuck, a professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Lethbridge, in an email to DW.</p>
Blocking Gateways
<p>As with the research into nicotine's effect on the coronavirus, it is thought that some strains of cannabis reduce the virus' ability to enter the lungs, where it takes hold, reproduces and spreads.</p><p>In <a href="https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202004.0315/v1" target="_blank">a paper on preprints.org,</a> where scientists can publish non-peer-reviewed results, Kovalchuck and colleagues write that their specially developed strains of cannabis effectively stop the virus from entering the human body. </p><p>The study is one of many papers globally that have been shared on preprint websites, including preprints.org, in a bid to disseminate preliminary findings into potential COVID-19 treatments that have yet to undergo rigorous peer review. </p><p>The coronavirus needs a "receptor" to enter a human host. That receptor is known as an "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2" target="_blank">angiotensin-converting enzyme II</a>," or ACE2.</p><p>ACE2 is found in lung tissue, in oral and nasal mucus, in the kidneys, testes, and gastrointestinal tracts, they write.</p><p>And the theory is that by modulating ACE2 levels in those "gateways" to the human host, it may be possible to lower our susceptibility, or vulnerability, to the virus. It could basically reduce our risk of infection.</p><p>"If there's no ACE2 on tissues, the virus will not enter," said Kovalchuck.</p>
No Common or Garden Cannabis
<p>Some in the science community say medicinal cannabis may help to treat a range of conditions from <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/why-humans-vomit-toxins-and-rodents-just-avoid-them/a-52420626" target="_blank">nausea</a> to <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/unique-cannabis-compound-reverses-brain-aging-in-mice/a-44401750" target="_blank">dementia.</a> But medicinal cannabis is not the same as what you might call recreational cannabis.</p><p>Those more "common or garden varieties" of cannabis — or street cannabis — are known for their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" target="_blank">Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)</a> content. That's the main psychoactive agent in the drug.</p><p>The Alberta-based researchers, meanwhile, have focused on strains of the plant, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" target="_blank">Cannabis sativa,</a> that are high in an anti-inflammatory cannabinoid, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabidiol" target="_blank">cannabidiol (CBD)</a> — one of the other main chemicals in cannabis, aside from THC. </p><p>They have developed more than 800 new Cannabis sativa variants, with high levels of CBD, and identified 13 extracts which they say modulate ACE2 levels in those humans gateways.</p><p>"Our varieties are high in CBD, or balanced CBD/THC, because you can give a higher dose and people will not be impaired due to the psychoactive properties of THC," said Kovalchuck. </p>Low Funding, Low Knowledge
<p>Kovalchuck also heads a company called <a href="https://inplantabiotechnology.com/" target="_blank">Inplanta BioTechnology,</a> with Dr. Darryl Hudson, who has a PHD from the University of Guelph — another Canadian institute where research is ongoing into the use of cannabinoids in medicine.</p><p>But funding for cannabinoid research is "still hard," he said. And that's the case in other countries, too.</p><p>Some researchers in the UK say that may be because there are misconceptions among the general public and politicians about medicinal cannabis, perhaps even a fear that people will become addicted or try to self-medicate, using just any old form of cannabis they can find.</p><p>Those researchers say themselves that it is vital to be clear about the information and to avoid sensationalism. </p><p>"Researchers have to be particularly careful when disseminating their results given the socio-political volatility of medicinal cannabis use," said <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/chris-albertyn" target="_blank">Chris Albertyn,</a> a Research Portfolio Lead at King's College London, and an expert on cannabinoids and dementia. </p><p>The best way to get through that, says Albertyn, is to implement open, transparent research methods.</p><p>"In this instance, the current research from Canada has just unveiled a potential therapeutic 'mechanism of action' but that would need to be validated and tested in well-designed, robust clinical trials before any meaningful clinical conclusions can be drawn," he said.</p><p>That would include pre-registering clinical protocols and analysis methods, publishing in open access journals, double-blind placebo controlled trials, and strict, independent peer review by the clinical academic community, said Albertyn.</p>A turning tide
<p>The problem is that without sufficient funding and further research, there is too little knowledge about cannabinoids — whether it's positive or negative research results — some say we just won't know until we do the research.</p><p>"But there is ENORMOUS interest now," said Kovalchuk in his email. And that's his emphasis. "The tide is coming."</p><p>While he and his co-authors say even their most effective extracts require large-scale validation, they say they may be a "safe addition" to the treatment of COVID-19. An addition, mind, alongside other treatments.</p><p>So, large-scale verification pending, medicinal cannabis could be developed into "easy-to-use preventative treatments," such as a mouthwash or a throat gargle in both clinical and home use.</p>From Your Site Articles
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EcoWatch Daily Newsletter
Marijuana Is More Than Just THC: A Look at the Untapped Healing Compounds
17 March 2019
Insights + Opinion
TorriPhoto / Moment / Getty Images
By James David Adams
Medical marijuana is legal in 33 states as of November 2018. Yet the federal government still insists marijuana has no legal use and is easy to abuse. In the meantime, medical marijuana dispensaries have an increasing array of products available for pain, anxiety, sex and more.
The glass counters and their jars of products in the dispensary resemble an 18th century pharmacy. Many strains for sale have evocative and magical names like Blue Dream, Bubba Kush and Chocolope. But what does it all mean? Are there really differences in the medical qualities of the various strains? Or, are the different strains with the fanciful names all just advertising gimmicks?
<p>
I am a professor in the University of Southern California School of Pharmacy. I have lived in California a long time and remember the Haight-Ashbury Summer of Love. While in graduate school, I worked with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shulgin" target="_blank">Prof. Alexander Shulgin</a>, the father of designer drugs, who taught me the chemistry of medicinal plants. Afterwards, while a professor at USC, I learned <a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neh072" target="_blank">Chumash healing</a> from a Native American Chumash healer for 14 years from 1998 until 2012. She taught me how to make medicines from Californian plants, but not marijuana, which is not native to the U.S. Currently, I am teaching a course in medical marijuana to pharmacy students.
</p><p>
If there is one thing about marijuana that is certain: In small doses it can boost libido in men and women, <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/all-about-sex/201808/the-largest-best-studies-yet-sex-and-marijuana" target="_blank">leading to more sex</a>. But can marijuana really be used for medical conditions?
</p>
<p>
<em><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/james-david-adams-702439" style="" target="_blank">James David Adams</a> is an Associate Professor of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Southern California.</em>
</p><p>
<em style="">Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://theconversation.com/marijuana-is-a-lot-more-than-just-thc-a-pharmacologist-looks-at-the-untapped-healing-compounds-112935" style="" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.</em>
</p><script async="async" data-counter="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/112935/count?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced" id="theconversation_tracker_hook" src="https://theconversation.com/javascripts/lib/content_tracker_hook.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
What are Cannabinoids?
<p>New research is revealing that marijuana is more than just a source of cannabinoids, chemicals that may bind to cannabinoid receptors in our brains, which are used to get high. The most well-known is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Marijuana is a particularly rich source of medicinal compounds that we have only begun to explore. In order to harness the full potential of the compounds in this plant, society needs to overcome misconceptions about marijuana and look at what research clearly says about the medical value.</p><p><span></span>The FDA has already made some moves in this direction by approving prescription drugs that come from marijuana including dronabinol, nabilone, nabiximols and cannabidiol. Dronabinol and nabilone are cannabinoids that are used for nausea. Nabiximols — which contain THC, the compound most responsible for marijuana's high and cannabidiol, which does not induce a high — are used to treat <a href="https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Multiple-Sclerosis-Information-Page" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a>. Cannabidiol, or <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/cbd">CBD</a>, is also used to <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/06/26/fda-approves-first-cbd-oil-derived-marijuana-treat-epilepsy/733567002/" target="_blank">treat some types of epilepsy</a>.</p><p>Marijuana, originally from the Altai Mountains in Central and East Asia, contains at <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.004" target="_blank">least 85 cannabinoids</a> and <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.004" target="_blank">27 terpenes</a>, fragrant oils that are produced by many herbs and flowers that may be active, drug-like compounds. THC is the cannabinoid everyone wants in order to get high. It is produced from THC acid — which constitutes up to 25 percent of the plant's dry weight — by smoking or baking any part of the marijuana plant.</p><p>THC mimics a naturally occurring neurotransmitter called <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Anandamide" target="_blank">anandamide</a> that works as a signaling molecule in the brain. Anandamide attaches to proteins in the brain called cannabinoid receptors, which then send signals related to pleasure, memory, thinking, perception and coordination, to name a few. THC works by hijacking these natural cannabinoid receptors, triggering a profound high.</p><p>Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid, another cannabinoid, can constitute up to 10 percent of the dry weight. It is converted to another compound that probably contributes to a high, <a href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/tetrahydrocannabivarin" target="_blank">tetrahydrocannabivarin</a>, when smoked or ingested in baked goods. Potent varieties like Doug's Varin and Tangie may contain even higher concentrations.</p>Medical Properties of Marijuana
<p>But not all cannabinoids make you high. Cannabidiol, a cannabinoid similar to THC, and its acid are also present in marijuana, especially in certain varieties. But these do not cause euphoria. The cannabidiol molecule interacts with a variety of receptors — including cannabinoid and serotonin receptors and transient receptor potential cation channels (TRP) – <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00379-8" target="_blank">to reduce seizures</a>, combat anxiety and produce other effects.</p><p>Marijuana also contains several monoterpenoids — small, aromatic molecules — that have a wide range of activities <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5101045" target="_blank">including pain</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.11.004" target="_blank">anxiety relief and that work by inhibiting TRP channels.</a></p><p>Myrcene is the most abundant monoterpenoid, a type or terpene, in marijuana. It <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587690" target="_blank">can relax muscles</a>. Other terpenes such as pinene, linalool, limonene and the sesquiterpene, beta-caryophyllene are <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/5/10/1045" target="_blank">pain relievers, especially when applied directly to the skin</a> as a liniment. Some of these terpenes may add to the high when marijuana is smoked.</p>What Do All These Varieties Do?
<p>Many different varieties of marijuana are on the market and are alleged to treat a range of diseases. The FDA has no oversight for these claims, since the FDA does not recognize marijuana as a legal product.</p><p>Strains of marijuana are grown that produce more THC than cannadidiol or vice versa. Other varieties have abundant monoterpenoids. How do you know that the strain you choose is legitimate with probable medical benefits? Each strain should <a href="https://b2b.gocaliva.com/what-is-cannabis-certificate-of-analysis-coa-california/" target="_blank">have a certificate of analysis</a> that shows you how much of each active compound is present in the product you buy. Many states have a bureau of cannabis control that verifies these certificates of analysis. However, many certificates of analysis do not show the monoterpenoids present in the marijuana. The analysis of monoterpenoids is difficult since they evaporate from the plant material. If you are looking for a strain high in myrcene or linalool, ask for proof.</p><p>Marijuana can improve several conditions, but it can also make others worse and can have nasty side effects.</p><p>As recreational use has become more widespread, <a href="http://doi.org/10.14309/crj.2018.3" target="_blank">marijuana hyperemesis syndrome</a> is becoming more of a problem in our society. Some people vomit uncontrollably after smoking marijuana regularly. It can be <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28494183" target="_blank">treated</a> by rubbing a cream made from capsaicin, from chili peppers, on the abdomen. Capsaicin cream is available in pharmacies.</p><p>Also, high THC varieties of marijuana, such as Royal Gorilla and Fat Banana, can <a href="http://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.17r11839" target="_blank">cause anxiety and even psychosis</a> in some people.</p><p>Researchers have also shown that anxiety can be effectively treated with strains that have more cannabidiol and linalool. It may be best to <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796018000239" target="_blank">rub a cannabidiol balm or lotion on your cheeks to relieve anxiety</a>.</p><p>Other conditions that studies have shown are improved by marijuana are: <a href="http://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2018-0530" target="_blank">cancer induced nausea</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2303" target="_blank">Type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00379-8" target="_blank">two forms of epilepsy</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">HIV-induced weight gain</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1089/can.2016.0009" target="_blank">irritable bowel syndrome</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1673" target="_blank">migraines</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2012.721765" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13146" target="_blank">osteoarthritis</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kei183" target="_blank">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">pain</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">chronic pain</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s40261-014-0212-3" target="_blank">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.6358" target="_blank">sleep disorders</a> and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25264643" target="_blank">traumatic brain injury</a>.</p><p>For some of these conditions, studies show that eating or topically applying marijuana products rather than smoking is recommended.</p><p>Clearly, more research is needed from the scientific community to help guide the appropriate, safe use of marijuana. However, the FDA does not recognize the use of medical marijuana. This makes funding for research on marijuana difficult to find. Perhaps the cannabis industry should consider funding scientific research on marijuana. But conflicts of interest may become a concern as we have seen with drug company-sponsored studies.</p>From Your Site Articles
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Avocado
Increased consumer interest in sustainability has largely driven the expansion of new organic product lines. It's this combination of consumer consciousness and evolved eco-friendly products that has people searching for the best organic mattress.
But there are many brands in this space. We wanted to take a closer look at the Avocado mattress and explore what makes it such a popular pick in the eco-market.
<h2>What should I look for when buying an organic mattress?<br/></h2><p>Whether it's an <a href="http://avocadomattress.n5ka.net/nrJ1V" target="_blank">Avocado mattress</a> or another product from a reputable manufacturer, there are a few things to consider before making a purchase.</p><p>The first thing to know is that accreditation gets a little fuzzy. </p><p>The reality is that not all mattresses claiming to be "natural" or even "organic" will qualify for an official organic label from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). </p><p>In order to do so, mattresses must be made up of 95% certified organic materials. </p><p>In addition, no harmful chemicals can be used in the processing or production of the mattress, which is considered a complex finished textile product. </p><p>As you research, you may find that some mattress manufacturers will call their products "organic" because they use a smattering of organic products—but not enough to carry the USDA seal, a practice that's known as "greenwashing."</p><p>To find a mattress that has been certified organic, you'll want to look for accreditations like GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard).</p><p><br/></p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image">
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDg1MzAwNy9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYzOTcwOTM1MH0.LFqDzobbjsMxHhtZv3MQ9iOvBSxDwEQF840cDR8Ze9Y/img.png?width=980" id="5dcba" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="47f0b3694c23691bb74eb2e4329e6271" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />
</p><p><br/></p><p>You can also look for the GOLS (Global Organic Latex Standard) logo.</p><p><br/></p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image">
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDg1MzAxMC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYxMzIxMzkwOX0.TQWz8NDTzRpr4Q0sDssTj9r1BwV4cRNbgiGtn9wjWrA/img.jpg?width=980" id="73347" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="1952e84d562c83064655dd296fdd14aa" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />
</p><p>These two standards help to uphold the 95% organic rule.<br/></p><p><span></span>Once you're squared away with certifications, the rest of the buying process is similar to purchasing a traditional mattress. </p><p>First, you'll want to find one that satisfies your desired level of comfort.<br/></p><p>As a rule, many organic mattresses tend to be a bit stiffer, so testing its firmness—either before purchase or during a trial period after you get it home—is in your best interest. </p><p>Lastly, as with most purchases—especially in the organic space—cost is a factor. A goal of bringing home the best eco-friendly mattress money can buy can price some consumers out of the organic market entirely.</p><h2>What makes Avocado the most popular organic mattress?</h2><p>There are two groups that most people will turn to while researching a product: Expert reviewers and fellow consumers. When it comes to picking the best organic mattress, both the pundits and verified customers agree that an Avocado mattress is at or near the top of the list.</p><p><a href="https://www.usnews.com/360-reviews/mattress/avocado" target="_blank">U.S. News & World Report recently gave Avocado the nod</a> in the categories of best mattress, best for back pain, best for stomach sleepers, best firm mattress and best hybrid mattress, citing its ability to provide a more restful night's sleep.</p><p>Avocado mattresses were also named best healthy mattress and <a href="https://www.health.com/home/healthy-home-awards" target="_blank">best organic mattress in Health.com's Healthy Home Awards</a>, <a href="https://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/best-mattress-in-a-box" target="_blank">best mattress in a box for the environmentally conscious by <em>Shape </em>magazine</a> and <a href="https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home-products/g29892090/best-mattresses/" target="_blank">best organic mattress by <em>Good Housekeeping</em></a>.</p><p><span></span>The brand has also received a <a href="https://help.avocadogreenmattress.com/en_us/can-you-show-me-your-aca-certification-SJOs16UED" target="_blank">certificate of endorsement from the American Chiropractic Association</a>, been <a href="https://www.avocadogreenmattress.com/consumer-reports/" target="_blank">consistently lauded by <em>Consumer Reports</em></a> and touts <a href="https://www.avocadogreenmattress.com/natural-mattress-reviews/" target="_blank">more than 18,000 5-star reviews</a> from real Avocado mattress customers.</p><h3>Corporate Stewardship</h3><p>Peeling the curtain back on the company's operations and mission, it's easy to see why so many people consider Avocado to be the best organic mattress.</p><p>The brand's products are American-made, designed in Hoboken, New Jersey, and manufactured by hand in Los Angeles. </p><p>Its factories are powered by renewable energy, and Avocado ethically harvests wool for products from sheep that it raises while also producing its own natural latex.</p><p>It's because of that commitment to sustainability and eco-friendly practices that the Avocado mattress became the first in the world to achieve net-zero carbon emissions. And earlier this year, the company announced that it now offsets more carbon than it generates. </p><p>It's also important to mention that <a href="http://avocadomattress.n5ka.net/MG32K" target="_blank">Avocado is certified organic by the USDA</a>.</p><p>With a goal of not only providing superior products that promote healthy sleep, Avocado also believes in the power of sustainability and social responsibility—a belief it backs up by donating 1% of all revenues to environmental nonprofits</p><h3><span></span>Quality Products</h3>
<p>Beyond just its top-selling mattress, Avocado manufacturers ancillary bedroom products like bed frames, dressers and end tables.</p><h2>Do I pay more for an organic mattress?</h2><p>Like any consumer good, organic mattresses come in a variety of price points based on size, comfort level, materials used and amenities. However, generally speaking, you will pay more for an eco-friendly mattress than you might for a traditional mattress. </p><h2>What am I paying for with an organic mattress?<br/></h2><p>Perhaps the biggest reason why someone would purchase an organic mattress is because of its sustainability. </p><p>According to a survey covered in <em>Forbes</em>, more than three-quarters of all participants said they <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesellsmoor/2019/07/23/77-of-people-want-to-learn-how-to-live-more-sustainably/" target="_blank">wanted to learn more about sustainable lifestyles</a>. And for at least some of those people, supporting the environment meant altering their habits of consumption. </p><p>Further, statistics show a substantial cross-section of consumers across various age ranges who are even <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/228380/people-who-pay-more-for-eco-friendly-products-and-services/" target="_blank">willing to pay more for eco-friendly products and services</a>.</p><p>One of the reasons why someone might be willing to pay more to purchase the best organic mattress is for their own safety. </p><p>Products treated with harsh or toxic chemicals can contaminate the air we breathe, a particularly troubling hazard considering <a href="https://www.reference.com/world-view/percentage-average-human-s-life-spent-sleeping-3b3e05c6a8925081" target="_blank">we spend about one-third of our lives in bed</a>. To make matters worse, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) says that indoor air can be as much as <a href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/indoor-air-quality" target="_blank">five times more polluted than outdoor air</a>.</p><p>There's also the <a href="https://www.sleepfoundation.org/best-mattress/best-organic-mattresses" target="_blank">durability factor of a certified organic mattress</a>, writes SleepFoundation.org. Compared to an organic mattress, there could be several years difference in how long a traditional mattress lasts before wear and tear or loss of support forces a replacement purchase. And because an organic mattress has high-quality materials that maintain its support and shape, you're likely to report better sleep patterns for longer.</p><h2>Final Thoughts on Avocado</h2><p>If your quest to find the best organic mattress has led you to Avocado, it's a good place to start. The brand has a verifiable commitment to sustainability, uses natural and non-toxic materials, and even donates a share of its revenues to nonprofits with a similar mission and vision. </p><p>Whatever direction you go in for your next purchase, we encourage you to think about how your purchases impact the world. Small choices over time add up, and we can all shop a little smarter.</p>
Avocado Vegan Mattress
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDg1MzAzNC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyNDkwMDMyMX0.zu1arLxCzFa1-qq7Lg_nJMSuyqvxC6DIx715xpqmQqs/img.jpg?width=980" id="54fb0" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="0720ceac909ef550c9bb977027ae721b" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Avocado
<ul><li>GOLS organic certified latex</li><li>GOTS organic certified cotton</li><li>1,000+ pocketed support coils </li><li>No polyurethane foams, polyester, or toxic fire retardants</li><li>Replaces all cotton with wool</li><li>Vegan certified</li><li>PETA-approved</li></ul>
$899
Alpaca Wool Plush Mattress Topper
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDg1MzA4MS9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY2NzMwNTI5OH0.LEx4dUTi1np_XCFc1taoy9y3Wgu43HoWF3p0Q1PITPY/img.jpg?width=980" id="bff7b" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="165eaa5fed1d9c5f64cc03b51c9e147d" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Avocado
<ul><li>Certified organic and natural materials</li><li>Natural alpaca and GOTS organic certified wool and cotton</li><li>Soft, plush feel that's more "luxurious" than most common products</li><li>Elastic straps to hold it in place</li></ul>
$449
Avocado Green Pill
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDg1MzMwMi9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTYyMjY3NTczMn0.GynsxBf0E3Nvl0192XtWsB9-JrKywFLT7UhSwkX_VXw/img.jpg?width=980" id="a9604" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="29f27629674202517662576d32a7d547" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Avocado
<ul><li>GOLS organic certified latex and GOTS organic certified kapok</li><li>Organic jersey cotton liner that's machine washable </li><li>GOTS organic certified quilted cotton cover</li><li>GREENGUARD Gold certified, vegan, and handmade in Los Angeles</li></ul>
$89
Organic Superfine Suvin Cotton Sheets
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNDg1MzExOC9vcmlnaW4uanBnIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY0ODE2Njc0OX0.6e0zVUOdjW0FuEC3tPvpBOvil1gN8CE3teZ8VVnwTDE/img.jpg?width=980" id="11382" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="091acb792fe57f4663a76438044b9e74" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" />Avocado
<ul><li>GOTS organic certified Indian Suvin Cotton</li><li>1,000 thread count per inch weave </li><li>Sateen finish</li></ul>
$349
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Yarygin / iStock / Getty Images
By Dan Nosowitz
Marijuana regulation is well behind its legalization; there isn't really any alternative, given that research and consumer desires will shape what we know and want from the crop.
<p>But we've got a couple of new recalls, so it's worth looking into the recall history of cannabis products in North America. In Michigan, cannabis has only been legal since Dec. 6, 2018, and yet <a href="https://wwmt.com/news/local/first-marijuana-recall-issued-for-michigan" target="_blank">there's already been a recall</a>, the state's first. Our neighbors to the north have one too, from a Toronto-based company called Up Cannabis.</p><p>Since 2012, when Washington became the first state to legalize recreational cannabis use, nine more states (plus Washington, DC) have joined in. There have been several recalls already in those states, and those have typically been due to high pesticide use—for example, <a href="https://www.denvergov.org/content/denvergov/en/environmental-health/about-us/news-room/2015/mountain-high-suckers-voluntarily-recalls-marijuana-products-due.html" target="_blank">this Colorado recall</a> of 100,000 cannabis-infused lollipops and candies, or <a href="https://www.kgw.com/article/news/health/oregon-issues-first-recreational-marijuana-recall/424258452" target="_blank">this Oregon recall</a> of a specific strain of <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/marijuana">marijuana</a> called Blue Magoo.</p><p>Each individual state is responsible for instituting its own regulatory system; as the plant is not federally legal, national programs like the National Organic Program are usually not available. (There is no federally regulated organic cannabis whatsoever; any claim to a cannabis product being "organic" does not have the same regulation that organic fruits or vegetables do.) As with much of the cannabis industry, sometimes the regulation has been slow to be put into place.</p><p>Michigan has only two approved laboratories for testing products at the moment, a potential bottleneck that most newly-legalizing states have had to deal with. And when one of those labs is found to have a major issue, as with Sequoia Analytical Labs in California, that bottleneck grows even worse. Sequoia was forced to surrender its testing license <a href="https://mjbizdaily.com/falsified-california-testing-lab-data-may-result-in-major-marijuana-product-recall/" target="_blank">only a month ago</a> after reports surfaced alleging mass falsification of test results.</p><p>There's the additional problem that <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2015/11/illegal-marijuana-farms-killing-mammals/" target="_blank">historically</a>, cannabis has not been a carefully operated agricultural sector, largely due to its prohibition. When simply existing is highly illegal, excess use of, say, literal rat poison is hardly a grower's biggest concern. Much of the new crop of growers, operating legally and within the boundaries of fresh legislation, are breaking from that history—but growing pains remain. It's also worth noting that while cannabis is a far smaller crop than, say, romaine lettuce or chicken, there are many, many industries with worse safety records, at least so far. But given that this whole industry is so new, it's worth keeping an eye on how it's taking shape.</p><p> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2019/01/with-marijuana-legalization-comes-marijuana-recalls/" target="_blank">Modern Farmer</a>.</em><em></em></p>
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Facing Controversy and a Takeover, Canadian Cannabis Company Names Organic Products Mogul as Chairman
03 January 2019
Business
Daniel Brothers / Moment / Getty Images
Embattled Canadian cannabis company Aphria Inc. named a new, independent chairman in a press release on Dec. 27, 2018: Hain Celestial Group Inc. Founder Irwin D. Simon.
<p>
The announcement comes as the company faces a takeover bid from Ohio-based cannabis company Green Growth Brands Inc, <a href="https://www.newsday.com/business/irwin-simon-aphria-cannabis-hain-1.25363470" target="_blank">Newsday reported Wednesday</a>. The appointment also occurred in the same month as an exposé from <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/aphria-a-shell-game-with-a-cannabis-business-on-the-side/" target="_blank">Hindenburg Research</a> alleging that Aphria investors were attempting to siphon money from shareholders.
</p><p>
In its press release announcing their decision, Aphria emphasized the fact that appointing Simon as an independent chair would "advance the Company's governance best practices." Their board of directors now has 10 members and a majority, six, are independent.
</p><p>
"Aphria remains committed to strong corporate governance and promoting a culture of integrity and ethical behaviour throughout the organization," the company wrote.
</p><p>
Simon had served as CEO of the Hain Celestial Group for 25 years since founding the organic and natural products company in 1993. He had stepped down as CEO in November, though he continues to act as nonexecutive chairman, Newsday reported.
</p><p>
"Irwin Simon is a dynamic leader and entrepreneur who understands the complexities and responsibilities of building a successful and competitive company," Aphria CEO Vic Neufeld said in the press release. "As we continue to focus on building an extremely dynamic, global cannabis company with tremendous opportunity for substantial shareholder value creation, Irwin's decades of operational and strategic experience in health and wellness and consumer packaged goods will be very valuable."
</p><p>
In an <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/video/2019/01/02/green-growth-could-become-a-strategic-partner-for-aphria-says-irwin-simon.html" target="_blank">interview with CNBC Wednesday</a>, Simon said that the cannabis industry today reminded him of the natural organic food industry in the 1990s. He touted it as a major growth opportunity, saying it would be a $15 billion business if all 50 states legalize it. In Canada, it is currently a $5.5 billion industry, he said. Beyond smoking for pleasure, he saw major growth potential in <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/food/" target="_blank">food</a>, beverages, supplements, vitamins and medicine.
</p><p>
"You want to talk about trends in 2019. The whole cannabis world is one of the hottest trends I've seen," he told CNBC.
</p><p>
Newsday reported that the legal cannabis market is expected to grow by 14.7 percent per year, to reach $25 billion by 2025, according to the cannabis research firm New Frontier Data.
</p><p>
When asked about the takeover attempt by Green Growth Brands, Simon said the company's current offer was too low to make it a potential strategic partner at the current moment, but that in the future a partnership might be possible, since the company owns many retail outlets.
</p><p>
"While we appreciate GGB's interest in the value we have created at Aphria and our significant growth prospects, their proposal falls short of rewarding our shareholders for participating in such a transaction," Simon wrote in <a href="https://aphria.ca/blog/aphria-responds-to-unsolicited-proposal-by-green-growth-brands/" target="_blank">Aphria's official response</a>.
</p><p>
Aphria found that Green Growth Brands' proposal would be 23 percent below its average share price.
</p><p>
The takeover isn't the only controversy Aphria faced this month. In the <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/aphria-a-shell-game-with-a-cannabis-business-on-the-side/" target="_blank">Dec. 3, report</a>, Hindenburg Research accused the company of being a "shell game" because, it claimed, its recent Latin American acquisitions were "largely worthless." These included an abandoned building in Jamaica that had been sold off by a bank earlier in 2018 and an Argentinian company that one worker said had a 2017 revenue less than half of what Aphria had claimed.
</p><p>
Aphria responded to the report restating the value of its acquisitions, but <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/aphria-our-response/" target="_blank">Hindenburg Research pointed out</a> that it did not dispute key claims, such as the claim that the purchases were made through a series of shell companies or that the supposed office of their Jamaican subsidiary was an abandoned building.
</p><p>
Hindenburg Research also <a href="https://hindenburgresearch.com/the-latest-act-in-the-aphria-circus-a-very-obviously-related-party-hostile-takeover-offer/" target="_blank">raised questions about the takeover</a>, noting that, among other irregularities, Aphria CEO Neufeld was on the board of of advisers of Green Acre Capital, a group that sponsors the fund that is Green Growth Brands' second biggest shareholder.
</p><p>
"We view this offer as non-credible and likely an attempt to generate the appearance of demand in the hopes of spurring credible offers," Hindenburg Research wrote.
</p><p>Simon was no stranger to controversy at Hain Celestial. During his tenure, the company settled a nearly $10 million dollar lawsuit in California over claims that two brands it sold as organic did not actually meet the requirements of California's Organic Products Act, <a href="https://www.newsday.com/business/hain-celestial-settles-mislabeling-lawsuit-for-nearly-10-million-1.10882747" target="_blank">Newsday reported at the time</a>.</p>
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HighGradeRoots / iStock / Getty Images
Let's start the new year off with a look at what's happening with Cannabis, a food politics topic because of its edibles.
<p><strong>First, the legal status</strong></p><p>The word is that the market for Cannabis products—including edibles and drinkables—constitutes a "<a href="https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2018/10/15/Over-half-of-consumers-interested-in-cannabis-enhanced-food-products-research-shows?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=15-Oct-2018&c=16HhEPChu5CiD250SNpX779EpmVUB7Pm&p2=" target="_blank">21st century gold rush</a>," despite their <a href="https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2018/10/11/SPECIAL-FEATURE-What-is-the-regulatory-status-of-CBD-in-food-and-beverage-products" target="_blank">illegal regulatory status</a> in the U.S.</p><p>Illegal? Here's what the <a href="https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm421168.htm#dietary_supplements" target="_blank">the FDA says</a>:</p><blockquote><strong>12, Can products that contain THC or cannabidiol (CBD) be sold as dietary supplements?</strong><br>A. No.<br><br><strong>13, Is it legal, in interstate commerce, to sell a food to which THC or CBD has been added?</strong><br>A. No<br></blockquote><p>As for the status of Cannabis in Canada, the details are <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/services/health/campaigns/cannabis/canadians.html" target="_blank">here</a>. Cannabis became legal in October, with <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45910179" target="_blank">some amusing results, here</a>. And then, there's the question of Cannabis-infused beer, of all things:</p><ul class="ee-ul"> <li><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a2-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5AKl6xD8XS2fhHSvqr8qH1B&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=_2HJsjlXebs2A_t1fiV9TlLSnH0nELKS1vYvZJC-ha8&e=" target="_blank">Molson Coors: Cannabis beverages could be a $3bn market in Canada</a>: </strong>Molson Coors says its well placed to take a "meaningful share" of the cannabis beverage market in Canada when it opens up in the fall of 2019, eyeing the size of a substantial prize… <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a3-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5B0RqgGhd4ifv-252FnYTCdtxPy&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=1Gv3bKp82ZwISESGjoPQvkKU6WF8ZcLTuvJVffyS0Xo&e=" target="_blank">Read</a></li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"><li><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63aa-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5CKGi7yr-252FJRNWqXIuOBUP0F&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=KE91QNYzdoQW0TY4i45VRKUntDaqK9H6saO67bdvlXg&e=" target="_blank">Cannabis-brewed craft beer: Province Brands of Canada and Lost Craft Beer partner ahead of product launch</a>: </strong>Province Brands of Canada and Ontario brewery Lost Craft Beer are partnering to create beer brewed from cannabis instead of barley… <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63ab-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5AbAm7WgUXXqMLYuZGKTVq8&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=hoV5qimuv3MW05Eu2cTd0-8uOqDNzzBsibCUBUkN1eY&e=" target="_blank">Read</a></li></ul><p>Cannabis-infused beer gets lots of attention, but craft brewers are worried about the competition.</p><ul class="ee-ul"><li><strong><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a0-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5BJS71jOvgbsA7vBgaQgML3&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=kcZHpKrqhuTLPoINPKlthv-9HToK0w7mOhN4KsznmkU&e=" target="_blank">"The iPhone is a bigger threat to craft beer than cannabis!" Brewers Association:</a> </strong>While some brewers are concerned that cannabis could emerge as a competitor to beer, the Brewers Association has not seen any evidence that it's a huge threat to the craft beer sector. In fact, it believes cannabis could open up new innovation opportunities for the industry… <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__t.marketing1.william-2Dreed.com_r_-3Fid-3Dh2aca9288-2C3a5e5421-2C3a5e63a1-26p1-3D16HhEPChu5DYQlaO7mruzIVg9it31rGV&d=DwMF-g&c=slrrB7dE8n7gBJbeO0g-IQ&r=Ot3cZ4eiuUPwiNJa6TEJ7HtofwOJH_f5Im9On8R25Ic&m=tCkfksZP1hT4HinTL4cco9z8h7MWWjqlnlOF94H82Ik&s=FOyVjGU9Q9KKEhBxhrZHv6bQ27DM8HD2IWi_Wzxp400&e=" target="_blank">Read</a></li></ul><p><strong>What About Research on the Effects of THC?</strong></p><p>It's been difficult to do it because of restrictions on illegal substances, but because the <a href="https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/farm-bill-caps-historic-year-for-cannabis/Content?oid=12623650" target="_blank">Farm Bill took hemp off the list</a>, observers are hopeful that research possibilities will open up.</p><p>In the meantime, some research is ongoing. For example: <a href="https://examine.com/nutrition/cannabis-munchies/" target="_blank">Cannabis increases appetite</a> but whether it causes weight gain is still uncertain.</p><p>We will be hearing a lot more about this topic, I predict. Stay tuned.</p><p>Happy new year, stoned or not.</p>
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OlegMalyshev / iStock / Getty Images
This sponsored post was brought to you by Authority Health and written by Barrett Jones, PharmD
Cannabis oil is quickly gaining momentum in the health industry as it has become an appealing option for people who are looking for relief from pain and from other health issues.
In this article, we will be looking at what scientific studies show when it comes to how cannabis oil might treat a wide variety of common ailments.
<p>The following health benefits have been reported when using cannabis oil and are also backed by scientific research:</p><p><strong>Cannabis Oil Can Relieve Pain</strong></p><p>Marijuana has been used to treat pain for many years. Recently, it has also been discovered that cannabis oil (CBD), which is a certain component of marijuana, also has pain-relieving properties.</p><p>The endocannabinoid system (ECS) within the human body helps to regulate many important functions such as immune system response, pain, appetite and sleep. The body produces neurotransmitters or endocannabinoids which bind to cannabinoid receptors in the nervous system. It has been shown that CBD will reduce pain as it impacts the endocannabinoid receptor activity, interacts with neurotransmitters and reduces inflammation. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5478794/" target="_blank">Research shows</a> that CBD injections reduce the pain of surgical incision in rats and that it also reduces inflammation and nerve pain. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25699191" target="_blank">Humans studies showed</a> that it is also effective in treating the pain of arthritis and multiple sclerosis sufferers.</p><p>If you want to read a bit more about whether cannabis oil is the right choice for managing your pain, go to <a href="https://www.authorityhealth.com/" target="_blank">Authority Health</a> to find out about the different natural ways to help alleviate pain. </p><p><strong>It Reduces Depression And Anxiety</strong></p><p>Depression and anxiety can have catastrophic impacts on your well-being and health and even though these disorders are usually treated with pharmaceutical drugs, they often cause many side effects such as headaches, insomnia, agitation, and drowsiness. </p><p>Many people who live with anxiety and depression have become interested in cannabis oil's natural approach as it has shown to treat these disorders without the side effects experienced when using other conventional drugs. It has been shown that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079847/" target="_blank">CBD reduces anxiety</a>, speech performance and cognitive impairment. This is because CBD is believed to act on the receptors of the brain for serotonin (the neurotransmitter that regulates social behavior and mood). </p><p><a href="https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/cheap-natural-quick-anxiety-remedies/" target="_blank">Read more</a> about how to tame your anxiety without a visit to the doctor's office or without the use of medication.</p><p><strong>It Can Reduce Cancer-Related Symptoms</strong></p><p>Not only can CBD reduce cancer-related symptoms, but it can also <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983116" target="_blank">reduce negative side effects of cancer treatment</a> such as pain, vomiting and nausea. Some studies even found that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566064" target="_blank">CBD may have anticancer properties</a> as it induces cell death in breast cancer cells in humans. However, these are animal studies and test tube studies which means that it is not certain yet whether it will also be effective in humans. </p><p><strong>CBD Reduces Acne</strong></p><p>Acne is believed to be caused by many different factors such as the overproduction of sebum, underlying inflammation, bacteria, genetics and more. Due to CBD's ability to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094344" target="_blank">reduce the production of sebum</a> and because of its <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061872" target="_blank">anti-inflammatory properties</a>, it will be able to help treat acne. </p><p><strong>It Is Good For Brain Health</strong></p><p>It is said that CBD may provide some benefits for those who have neurological disorders, such as <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a> and epilepsy. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525548" target="_blank">Studies have found</a> that cannabis oil can reduce spasms in up to 75% of multiple sclerosis sufferers. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26724101" target="_blank">Another study</a> gave people with epilepsy CBD oil after which their seizures reduced by 36.5%.</p><p>It has <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845114" target="_blank">also been shown</a> that CBD treatment improved the sleep quality and quality of life for patients with Parkinson's disease. </p><p><strong>It Is Good For Your Heart </strong></p><p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5470879/" target="_blank">Research shows</a> that CBD has been linked to many benefits for the circulatory system as well as for the heart. This includes the ability to lower blood pressure (which is linked to many health conditions such as metabolic syndrome, heart attack and stroke).</p><p>It might be because of CBD's ability to lower blood pressure that it is also effective at reducing anxiety and stress. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026637/" target="_blank">Animal studies</a> have also shown that CBD may reduce cell death and inflammation associated with heart disease because of its powerful stress-reducing and antioxidant properties. </p><p><strong>More Potential Benefits</strong></p><p>CBD is believed to provide benefits for the following conditions as well, although more studies are needed:</p> <ul class="ee-ul"> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25667194" target="_blank">CBD may help people with mental disorders</a> such as schizophrenia as it reduces antipsychotic symptoms.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>It can be used as substance abuse treatment as it has been shown to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444130/" target="_blank">modify brain circuits related to addiction</a>. It has further been shown to reduce heroin-seeking and morphine dependence behavior in rats.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>In animal studies and test-tube studies, it has been shown that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25916739" target="_blank">CBD has anti-tumor effects</a>. It has also been shown to prevent the spread of lung, colon, brain, prostate and breast cancer in animals.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Treatment with CBD has the potential to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698671" target="_blank">reduce diabetes by 56%</a> and it also reduced inflammation. It, therefore, acts as an excellent diabetes prevention method.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Are There Any Side Effects?</strong></p><p>CBD may cause some negative side effects in some people, even though it is considered safe and generally well tolerated. The following side effects have been noted or reported:</p> <ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Fatigue</li> <li>Changes in appetite</li> <li>Diarrhea</li> </ul> <p>It is also important to note that CBD does interact with a variety of medications and it is, therefore, essential to discuss the fact that you take it with your doctor to ensure that you are safe and to avoid any possible interactions. </p><p><strong>What It All Comes Down To</strong></p><p>Studies have shown that CBD oil can be effective in treating many health issues such as heart disease, depression, anxiety, acne, mental health disorders, substance abuse treatment and diabetes. It has even been shown to have anti-tumor effects and that it might be a natural alternative for pain relief and the treatment of cancer. </p><p>Even though research is quite new, the research of potential benefits of CBD is still ongoing and the chance is, therefore, good that new therapeutic uses will soon be discovered. </p><p>It seems like CBD is relatively safe to use with minor side effects reported by some. It is a powerful and safe natural treatment which might reduce symptoms for many health-related issues. <br></p><p><em><em>Barrett Jones </em>is a clinical pharmacologist who studied at Baylor College of Medicine, Texas. He currently works in a chemistry laboratory in Columbia University (where he also lecturers occasionally) investigating how pharmaceuticals interact with our biological systems. He specializes in and is passionate about how medication used for treating ADD and ADHD may impact long-term cognitive abilities. He has written many papers and is often consulted in a number of lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies.</em><br></p><p><em>He follows a strict diet loosely based on the Keto principles and enjoys the science and chemistry behind food and preparing meals. He is an avid cyclist and cross country runner. His aspirations include only to be the best at what he does, whatever that may be.</em><br></p>
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Marijuana Expands Into 3 More States, But Nationwide Legalization Still Unlikely
07 November 2018
Politics
Pixabay
By Daniel J. Mallinson and Lee Hannah
The midterm elections have further loosened marijuana restrictions in the U.S. Voters in three of four states with ballot proposals on marijuana approved those initiatives.
<p>
In <a href="https://themarijuanaherald.com/news/utah-legalizes-medical-marijuana/" target="_blank">Utah</a> and <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2018/11/06/missouri-votes-to-legalize-medical-marijuana/" target="_blank">Missouri</a>, voters on Tuesday decided that patients should have access to medical marijuana.
</p><p>
<a href="https://www.freep.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/11/06/marijuana-legal-michigan-results/1835274002/" target="_blank">Michigan</a>, which already had medical marijuana, became the first Midwestern state to fully legalize pot. It joins <a href="http://www.governing.com/gov-data/safety-justice/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html" target="_blank">nine other U.S. states</a>, Washington, DC, <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/17/health/canada-legalizes-recreational-marijuana/index.html" target="_blank">Canada</a> and Uruguay in launching a regulated recreational marijuana market.
</p><p>
North Dakotans decisively <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2018/11/06/north-dakota-marijuana-legalization-measure-fails/" target="_blank">rejected</a> a proposal to make marijuana legal for recreational purposes.
</p><p>
Before Tuesday's vote, 22 American states had adopted comprehensive medical marijuana programs. California was the first, recognizing in 1996 the <a href="http://www.mm-ma.org/sites/default/files/JAMA%20Clinical%20Review%20of%20Medical%20Marijuana%20forTreatment%20of%20Chronic%20Pain.pdf" target="_blank">therapeutic uses</a> of marijuana in <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/health-benefits-of-medical-marijuana-2014-4" target="_blank">easing the symptoms of serious illnesses</a> like HIV, cancer, epilepsy, PTSD and glaucoma. Recently, marijuana's <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/03/09/592305410/questions-and-answers-about-opioids-and-chronic-pain" target="_blank">potential value for treating chronic pain</a> has garnered attention as an alternative to opioids.
</p><h2>No Tipping Point</h2><p>
Nationally, support for marijuana has <a href="http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/08/americans-support-marijuana-legalization/" target="_blank">never been stronger</a>. Seventy-two percent of Democrats and a <a href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/221018/record-high-support-legalizing-marijuana.aspx" target="_blank">narrow majority of Republicans</a>—51 percent—support legalization, according to <a href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/221018/record-high-support-legalizing-marijuana.aspx" target="_blank">Gallup</a>.
</p><p>
<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/27/politics/marijuana-legalization-tipping-point/index.html" target="_blank">Strong public support</a> and successive <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/8/13520486/marijuana-legalization-california-election-2016" target="_blank">waves of state-level legalization</a> in election years have led many <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/19/how-legal-weed-reached-a-tipping-point-in-time-for-4-point-20.html" target="_blank">policy analysts</a> to <a href="https://cannabinomics.com/" target="_blank">argue</a> that <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/marijuana-legalization-reach-national-tipping-point-election-day" target="_blank">marijuana</a> has reached a <a href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/10/24/advocates-see-tipping-point-marijuana-legalization/4ECGGUa6hHEyemzOTnymoJ/story.html" target="_blank">tipping point</a> in the U.S.
</p><p>
Two-thirds of all U.S. states have now legalized some kind of marijuana. After that, the argument goes, its nationwide expansion is inevitable.
</p><p>
As marijuana policy researchers, we <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/07/23/has-the-u-s-reached-a-tipping-point-in-marijuana-legalization/?utm_term=.92d84ee9ef35" target="_blank">question</a> that narrative.
</p><p>
Our <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/psj.12211" target="_blank">research</a> indicates that medical marijuana progress may well stall after this latest round of successful ballot initiatives. Recreational marijuana may continue to expand into states with legal medical marijuana but will ultimately hit a wall, too.
</p><p>
Our caution has to do with the particular way marijuana legalization has occurred in the U.S.: at the ballot box.
</p><h2>Ballot Initiatives Have Power</h2><p>
So far, all but one of the recreational marijuana laws passed has occurred via ballot initiative, not through the state legislative process. Seven of the first eight medical marijuana laws—those in California, Alaska, Oregon, Washington, Maine and Nevada—were also adopted via ballot initiative.
</p><p>
Such <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Direct_Initiative" target="_blank">direct initiatives</a>—where citizens can put a policy on the ballot for approval—are a <a href="https://theconversation.com/direct-democracy-may-be-key-to-a-happier-american-democracy-52417" target="_blank">powerful</a>, if nontraditional, form of policymaking in the U.S.
</p><p>
Rather than relying on lawmakers to write and pass legislation on certain issues—often, controversial ones—ballot initiatives harness public opinion. They have been used to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/07/same-sex-marriage-ballot-initiatives" target="_blank">legalize</a> or <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Marriage_and_family_on_the_ballot" target="_blank">restrict</a> same-sex marriage, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/17/us/the-california-ballot-measure-that-inspired-a-tax-revolt.html" target="_blank">place limitations on taxing and spending</a>, <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Minimum_wage_on_the_ballot" target="_blank">raise the minimum wage</a> and <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/2018_ballot_measures" target="_blank">much more</a>. Some are <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/17/us/politics/california-ballot-initiatives-dominated-by-the-very-rich.html" target="_blank">funded by wealthy individuals</a> with specific business interests.
</p><p>
Even in states where ballot initiatives have little hope of passing, they can be an important force for policy change.
</p><p>
In <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3184650" target="_blank">Ohio</a>, marijuana advocates in 2015 <a href="https://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2015/12/issue_3_backers_spent_215_mill.html" target="_blank">spent more than US$20 million</a> in an effort to legalize both medical and recreational marijuana in the same ballot initiative. Ohio voters overwhelmingly said no—but the campaign revealed <a href="https://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2015/04/ohio_voters_favor_legalizing_m.html" target="_blank">broad support for a medical marijuana policy</a>.
</p><p>
The <a href="https://www.mpp.org/" target="_blank">Marijuana Policy Project</a>, an advocacy organization, said it would put <a href="https://www.cleveland.com/open/index.ssf/2016/01/national_marijuana_group_plans_ohio_medical_marijuana_amendment_for_2016_ballot.html" target="_blank">medical marijuana</a> on Ohio's ballot in 2016. In response, Ohio's legislature <a href="https://www.clevescene.com/cleveland/what-you-need-to-know-about-ohios-medical-marijuana-law-in-effect-for-seven-months-and-changing-every-day/Content?oid=6827613" target="_blank">moved quickly</a> to craft and pass its own medical marijuana legislation.
</p><p>
In <a href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2018/11/07/medical-marijuana-leaps/" target="_blank">Utah</a>, where Gov. Gary Herbert <a href="http://www.governing.com/topics/health-human-services/Despite-Upcoming-Medical-Marijuana-Vote-Utah-Governor-Promises-Special-Session-on-Issue-After-Election.html" target="_blank">opposed the expansive medical marijuana proposal</a> passed on Tuesday, lawmakers have already promised to supersede the initiative and pass marijuana <a href="https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2018/10/18/utah-lawmakers-hold/" target="_blank">legislation</a> that would be more acceptable to conservative state legislators and the influential Mormon Church.
</p><h2>The Limits of Direct Initiative</h2><p>
So the ballot initiative is powerful. But our analysis suggests its potential for liberalizing marijuana access in the U.S. is nearly tapped out.
</p><p>
Of the 17 U.S. states that still have no form of legal marijuana, only five—Idaho, Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska and Missouri—<a href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/chart-of-the-initiative-states.aspx" target="_blank">allow direct initiatives</a>.
</p><p>
The rest are mostly conservative places like South Carolina and Alabama, where <a href="https://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2018/05/_not_ready_for_that_how_alabam.html" target="_blank">legislatures have indicated</a> <a href="https://merryjane.com/news/south-carolina-lawmakers-fiercely-debate-new-medical-marijuana-bill" target="_blank">reluctance</a> to loosen restrictions. If voters there wanted medical or recreational marijuana, they would not have the option of bypassing policymakers to get the issue on the ballot.
</p><p>
Marijuana legalization won't end with the 2018 midterms. There is still room for recreational marijuana to expand into the 22—soon to be 24—states that have legal medicinal marijuana.
</p><p>
<a href="https://gazette.com/news/road-to-legalization-many-factors-including-tax-revenue/article_6b09995c-9761-54a9-8c74-3a05dca54633.html" target="_blank">History shows</a> that once people grow comfortable with medical marijuana—seeing its impacts on patients and tax revenues—full legalization often follows.
</p><p>
In our analysis, the remaining 13 states are very unlikely to liberalize access to marijuana without a significant push by the federal government.
</p><p>
That's unlikely, but not impossible, under the Trump administration.
</p><p>
Federal law still considers marijuana an illegal Schedule I drug under the <a href="https://www.dea.gov/controlled-substances-act" target="_blank">Controlled Substances Act</a>, meaning that as far as the U.S. government is concerned, the plant has no medical value.
</p><p>
The Obama administration took a hands-off approach to states' legalization, <a href="https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/3052013829132756857467.pdf" target="_blank">allowing them to experiment</a>. But Attorney General Jeff Sessions has <a href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2018/01/09/why-it-will-be-difficult-for-jeff-sessions-to-put-the-genie-back-into-the-bottle-on-marijuana-policy/" target="_blank">directed Justice Department attorneys</a> to fully enforce federal law in legal marijuana states.
</p><p>
Quietly, however, the Trump administration has also <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomangell/2018/10/10/trump-administration-seeks-public-comments-on-marijuana-reclassification/#4b3f65f5749a" target="_blank">sought public comments on reclassifying marijuana</a>. And the president himself has at times <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kriskrane/2018/07/11/why-president-trump-could-be-marijuanas-savior/#760b895c20a0" target="_blank">signaled support</a> for leaving marijuana up to the states.
</p><p>
If Sessions <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-is-mulling-candidates-who-could-replace-jeff-sessions-1539290740" target="_blank">leaves the Trump administration</a>, as rumor has long suggested, the DOJ's position on marijuana enforcement could change.
</p><p>
And Democrats, who <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/us/politics/midterm-elections-results.html" target="_blank">won control of the House</a> on Tuesday, have previously indicated that they could <a href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/weed-federally-legal-2019-blumenauer-739165/" target="_blank">push to remove marijuana as a Schedule I drug</a> as soon as next year.
</p><p>
<em>This article is an updated version of a <a href="https://theconversation.com/marijuana-is-on-the-ballot-in-four-states-but-legalization-may-soon-stall-researchers-say-105342" target="_blank">story</a> originally published on Oct. 31.</em>
</p><p>
<em> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate </em><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/marijuana-expands-into-3-more-states-but-nationwide-legalization-still-unlikely-106512" target="_blank">The Conversation</a></em><em>.</em></em>
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Cannabis Oil vs. CBD Oil: Health Benefits and Legal Considerations
10 October 2018
Health + Wellness
Select Oil / Facebook
By Stephanie Garr
The topic of cannabis (marijuana) has become far less taboo in recent years, but there are still many misconceptions—and fears—about its use as a medicinal plant.
<p>Cannabis is still an illegal product in most countries and can be difficult to obtain. More importantly, it is challenging to study.</p><p>Still, an increasing amount of evidence has found it could offer significant benefits for patients with chronic pain and even cancer.</p><p>This article looks at what cannabis oil is, how it differs from <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/organic-cbd-oil-2648638251.html">CBD oil</a>, and what the science is saying about its potential.</p><h2>What is Cannabis Oil?</h2><p>Cannabis oil is an extract from cannabis (marijuana) plants that contains several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid" target="_blank">cannabinoid</a> compounds that bind to receptors in the brain and body.</p><p>Cannabis is one of the world's oldest cultivated plants, with its use dating back some 8,000 years ago (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425762/#ref_000070" target="_blank">1</a>).</p><p>As of now, more than a 100 of its active compounds have been detected, but there are two that have been studied the most:</p><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Cannabidiol (CBD): This is the active ingredient in CBD oil that has been shown to display anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"><li>Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): This is the substance in marijuana that is most known for getting you "high."</li></ul><p>While the term "cannabis oil" may be used to describe any cannabis-based oil (like CBD oil or hemp seed oil), it typically refers to the specific extract that contains all components of marijuana, including THC.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Cannabis oil is an extract from cannabis (marijuana) plants. It contains all active ingredients in the plant, including CBD and THC.<br></p><h2>Cannabis Oil vs CBD Oil ... What's The Difference?</h2><p>Unlike cannabis oil, which is typically made from marijuana with a high THC percentage (typically at least 50%), CBD oil does not contain this mind-altering compound.</p><p>In other words, CBD oil does not get you "high," but could offer some helpful benefits.</p><p>Many natural health proponents have been touting CBD oil and its potential to relieve chronic pain, reduce anxiety and <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/how-to-deal-with-major-depression/" target="_blank">depression</a>, and alleviate cancer symptoms, among several other benefits.</p><p>Because it doesn't contain THC, CBD oil is legal in all 50 states of the U.S., Canada and all of Europe (except for Slovakia).</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> Unlike cannabis oil, which is typically made from marijuana with a high THC percentage, CBD oil does not contain this mind-altering compound.<br></p><h2>Is Cannabis Oil Illegal?</h2><p>Because it contains THC, cannabis oil can only be purchased in an area where marijuana is legal or can be prescribed.</p><p>In the U.S., marijuana is legal for both recreational and medicinal use in nine states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont and Washington, along with Washington, DC.</p><p>Thirty states have legalized medical marijuana for medicinal use. These include the nine mentioned above, along with:</p><p>Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Michigan, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and West Virginia.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Since it contains THC, cannabis oil can only be purchased in areas where marijuana is legal or can be prescribed. This includes 30 U.S. states.<br></p><h2>Benefits of Cannabis Oil</h2><p>Because of its long-held status as an illegal Schedule I drug, research on cannabis has been limited.</p><p>Fortunately, a growing number of studies on cannabis have focused on its potential health benefits, mostly regarding appetite, nausea and pain.</p><p>Cannabis oil would likely offer similar benefits as CBD oil. However, it's possible that its addition of THC could provide further benefits.</p><p>THC is a pain reliever, anti-inflammatory and anti-emetic (prevents vomiting).</p><p>Using the whole marijuana plant versus part of it (like with CBD oil) could also provide extra synergetic effects. This however, is difficult to study.</p><p>There are currently a few licensed cannabis-based drugs on the market including:</p><ul class="ee-ul"> <li><strong>Dronabinol (Marinol) / Nabilone (Cesamet): </strong>Both are synthetic forms of THC used to counteract nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, and to stimulate appetite in AIDS patients.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li><strong>Nabiximols (Sativex):</strong> Contains an equal amount of THC and CBD and used to relieve symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and pain in cancer patients.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"><li><strong>Epidiolex:</strong> A concentrated CBD oil used as an anti-seizure medication for children with epilepsy (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28188044" target="_blank">2</a>).</li></ul><h3>Cannabis Oil for Cancer</h3><p>Many cannabinoids, including THC and CBD, have shown some anti-cancer effects.</p><p>Most significantly, cannabinoids may have the ability (at least in test tube studies) to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and promote the death of cancer cells by apoptosis (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852356/" target="_blank">3</a>).</p><p>That said, while THC has shown promise in cancer studies, it's also shown the potential to suppress the immune system and <em>enhance </em>tumor growth (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10861074" target="_blank">4</a>).</p><p>Clearly, much more research needs to be done to determine how cannabinoids, at specific concentrations, may work best for cancer treatment.</p><h3>Cannabis Oil for Pain Relief</h3><p>Cannabis oil is a potent anti-inflammatory and can provide significant pain relief, likely more so than just CBD oil.</p><p>In fact, THC was shown to have 20 times the anti-inflammatory potency of aspirin and twice that of hydrocortisone (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1659702/" target="_blank">5</a>).</p><p>THC has been found to reduce pain in patients with cancer and MS, and cannabis treatment has proven effective for those with fibromyalgia (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828614/" target="_blank">6</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29461346" target="_blank">7</a>).</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Research on cannabis has been limited, but is quickly growing. Cannabis oil would likely offer similar benefits as CBD oil, but may offer even greater potential with the addition of THC, which is a proven pain reliever and anti-inflammatory.<br></p><h2>Side Effects of Cannabis Oil</h2><p>It can be difficult to obtain certified cannabis oils that provide specific concentrations and guarantee purity.</p><p>Some cannabis oils may even contain up to 75% THC (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26558460" target="_blank">8</a>).</p><p>Commercially produced cannabis oils for medical purposes are most dependable since they will have controlled concentrations of CBD and THC.</p><p>The addition of THC in cannabis oil will cause some side effects, including:</p><ul class="ee-ul"><li>The feeling of being "high"</li><li>Tiredness and fatigue</li><li>Reduced memory and learning ability</li><li>Increased heart rate</li><li>Increased appetite.</li></ul><p>It's also noteworthy to mention that CBD actually helps control the psychoactive effects of THC, so a good balance of both may be important.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>It can be difficult to know the concentrations and purity of cannabis oil products, so you will likely not know how much THC and CBD they contain. The presence of THC will cause you to feel "high," and may also lead to fatigue, reduced memory and increased appetite.<br></p><h2>How to Make Cannabis Oil</h2><p>Although cannabis oil has only started to find legal status in certain areas, plenty of people have been handcrafting their own for some time.</p><p>If you're able to obtain cannabis legally, you can easily make your own version of cannabis oil, which allows you to control the amount and type of cannabis used.</p><p>Canadian cannabis expert Rick Simpson is often cited for his groundbreaking work creating a cannabis oil, now referred to as Rick Simpson Oil or RSO.</p><p>He made his own cannabis oil to help treat his skin cancer, and has shared this <a href="http://phoenixtears.ca/producing-the-oil/" target="_blank">recipe here</a>.</p><h3>Cannabis Coconut Oil</h3><p>Another way to consume cannabis oil is with cannabis coconut oil.</p><p>The saturated fats in <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/coconut-oil-vs-olive-oil-study/" target="_blank">coconut oil</a> help preserve the cannabinoids, making it a more potent and effective cannabis product.</p><p>Cannabis-infused coconut oil can be used topically, consumed on its own or used as a cooking oil just like normal coconut oil. You can also put it into capsules for measured doses.</p><p>This site offers a good recipe for <a href="https://www.leafly.com/news/lifestyle/cannabis-and-coconut-oil-uses-benefits-and-a-recipe-to-make-your" target="_blank">cannabis coconut oil</a>.</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> If you're able to obtain cannabis legally, you can make your own version of cannabis oil at home. Cannabis coconut oil can also be made and consumed on its own or used topically or as a cooking oil.<br></p><h2>Should You Try Cannabis Oil?</h2><p>The benefits of CBD oil are well established, but it's possible cannabis oil could be even more effective.</p><p>The addition of THC, the compound that also gets you "high," could offer greater anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and pain-relieving effects.</p><p>Because cannabis oil uses the entire marijuana plant, there may also be some other synergetic effects involved.</p><p>However, the state of cannabis' legality has severely limited its research opportunities. Fortunately this is rapidly changing.</p><p>Early studies have found that cannabis treatment has helped patients with chronic pain, cancer, MS, AIDS and <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/fibromyalgia-and-diet/" target="_blank">fibromyalgia</a>.</p><p>As of now, cannabis oil is still difficult to obtain, and is legal for medicinal use in only 30 U.S. states. It's also not regulated, so it's hard to know how much THC you may be getting.</p><p>If you're looking for a similar and safe alternative—and one without the "high"—you may want to <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/cbd-oil-benefits" target="_blank">seek out CBD oil first</a>.</p><p><em><a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/about" target="_blank">Stephanie</a> is a certified nutrition consultant. She graduated from the University of Iowa with degrees in journalism and psychology in 2003, and later studied holistic nutrition at Bauman College in Berkeley, California.</em></p><p><span></span> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate </em><a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/cannabis-oil-cbd-oil-health-benefits/" target="_blank">Diet vs Disease</a>.</p>
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Can Hemp Become a 60 Million Acre Crop and Billion Dollar Industry?
03 October 2018
Insights + Opinion
Studio023 / iStock / Getty Images Plus
With low grain prices and the loss of the soybean exports to China because of a trade war, Iowa's farmers face dark times. But one Iowa farmer sees a light of hope with a crop that fell out of favor, but may be poised for a big comeback. Ethan Vorhes, a farmer in Charles City, Iowa sees great potential for growing industrial hemp.
<p>"It's a perfect storm for revitalization of not only of Iowa, but America," said Vorhes, who is director of the Iowa Hemp Association.</p><p>Vorhes refers to language in the 2018 Farm Bill that would allow farmers to grow hemp in the U.S. after it had been banned for nearly 50 years because of its association with its closely related plant, marijuana. He also sees great potential because hemp can be processed into a multitude of products—from natural supplements and foods to fiber for making everything from clothing to high-tech materials.</p><p>"I think it would be a really good thing if we brought it to Iowa," said Vorhes who plans to use hemp as feed for his specialty Wagyu beef cows. </p><h2>Hemp Acreage Increased 163 Percent in 2017</h2><p>Hemp has been grown in the U.S. since the early 1600s when the first European settlers arrived. It was grown to make fiber for rope, fabric and paper, among other uses. The Declaration of Independence was drafted on hemp paper. The "Hemp for Victory" campaign during World War II encouraged production of the crop for the war effort. But in 1970, the Controlled Substances Act classified hemp as marijuana making it illegal to grow in the U.S.; this despite the fact that hemp has a negligible amount of THC, the psychoactive compound that gives marijuana users a high.</p><p>Hemp's comeback began in 2014 when a provision in the 2013 Farm Bill defined industrial hemp as distinct from marijuana and allowed universities and state agriculture departments to conduct hemp research programs. This allowed licensed farmers to grow hemp.</p><p>In 2017, more than 25,000 acres of hemp were grown in 19 states, a 163 percent increase over 2016. The number of acres "will be greatly expanded this year," said Erica McBride, executive director of the National Hemp Association, who adds that 39 states have passed some form of legislation to allow limited hemp production.</p><h2>Kentucky Leads the Way</h2><p>Kentucky has played a central role in hemp's revival. The state's U.S. Senator and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell and Congressman James Comer have led legislative efforts, such as the 2013 Farm Bill provision, to bring hemp production back.</p><p>Kentucky led the U.S. in hemp production until the late 1800s before it was replaced with tobacco. Now with tobacco production falling, Kentucky farmers are considering hemp as an alternative.</p><p>John Bell, an organic farmer in Scott County, Kentucky, is licensed to grow hemp. His grandfather grew the crop during the 1940s.</p><p>"Hemp has a history of growing in Kentucky. It was grown for fiber everywhere," said Bell, who grows hemp to produce cannabidiol (CBD) oil.</p><p>About 70 percent of the hemp grown in the U.S. today is used to make CBD oil, a popular natural remedy for pain, inflammation and anxiety.</p><p>Kentucky's three major universities, Western Kentucky, University of Kentucky and Kentucky State all have hemp research projects.</p><p>Shawn Lucas, a certified crop adviser and assistant professor of organic agriculture at Kentucky State University, said Kentucky "grabbed the bull by the horns" with hemp production in 2014.</p><p>"We pride ourselves in that we got in early," said Lucas who is conducting research on hemp production. "The potential is there. As tobacco production shrinks, hemp could be an option for farmers or a way to diversify their operations."<br></p><p>Lucas said there are now 50 hemp processing facilities in Kentucky when there were none just a few years ago.</p><p>One of those processors is Victory Hemp based in Campbellsburg, Kentucky, which manufactures hemp seed oil, hemp protein powder and hemp seeds.</p><p>CEO Chad Rosen calls hemp a "superior nutritional product" with essential fatty acids and higher protein than other sources. Hemp is also aligned with the fast-growing plant-based food trend.</p><p>Hemp offers advantages to farmers. It has a track record of successful production in the U.S., and can be grown in all 50 states. It doesn't need as much water as cotton, and it doesn't need as many pesticides as corn and soybeans. It crowds out weeds and has a deep root system, which helps aerate the soil. It is also non-GMO and is being grown organically by some farmers.</p><p>Lucas said farmer interest in growing hemp is "huge," but cautions: "Anyone getting into it needs to do homework, and needs a market for their crop."</p><h2>CBD, Food, Fiber and More Uses</h2><p>Potential markets for hemp are many. CBD oil is now the biggest market followed by hemp foods, including hemp seed, oil and protein.</p><p>Nutiva is one of the leading hemp food manufacturers in the U.S. and CEO John Roulac has been one of hemp's leading advocates for nearly 20 years. In 2001, Roulac successfully sued the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency to keep hemp-based foods legal in the U.S. Nutiva sells more than a dozen hemp-based products including oil, protein, and seeds, and they have the top-selling brand of hemp oil and seeds in the world.</p><p>Most of the hemp Nutiva uses is grown in Canada, but the company recently launched the first certified organic hempseed product grown in the U.S.</p><p>Colorado-based Stillwater Foods is making hemp-derived cannabinoid food ingredients. Stillwater CEO Justin Singer predicts big things for such ingredients, which can be used in beverages, functional teas, powdered drink mixes, and health snacks.</p><p>"Cannabinoids will become a new category of functional ingredients like probiotics, Omega-3, and flavonoids," he said.<br></p><p>While CBD oil is now the biggest market for hemp, McBride predicts that will change."Moving forward I anticipate that the fiber market will eventually exceed all other markets combined," she said.</p><p>Uses for hemp fiber seem endless. It is used to make clothing like t-shirts, socks, jeans, sneakers and hats, as well as wallets, backpacks, American flags and, of course, rope. Several companies use hemp fiber composites to make car door panels for automakers like BMW. It is also used in construction as a building material and insulation. Hemp fiber can also be transformed into high-performance energy storage devices, according to research by Dr. David Mitlin of Clarkson University in New York.</p><h2>Legalization: a "Game Changing Event"</h2><p>Success of these markets hinges on Congress allowing hemp to be grown nationwide. Last March, McConnell introduced The Hemp Farming Act of 2018 to legalize hemp as an agricultural commodity and remove it from the list of controlled substances where it is now listed with marijuana. In June, the Senate passed its version of the 2018 Farm Bill with McConnell's hemp legislation. Now the Senate must reconcile its version with the House of Representatives' version. <em>[Note: This process was underway at the time of publishing this article — Aug. 27.]</em></p><p>Hemp supporters are confident that Congress will legalize hemp. "There is strong bipartisan support and very little opposition in the House," said Eric Steenstsra, president of Vote Hemp.</p><p>"There are not too many people in the political world that are really opposed to it," Lucas said. "Hemp seems to be something to bring people together."<br></p><p>Momentum for legalizing hemp farming got a big boost recently as California passed a bill that allows the state's farmers to grow industrial hemp and produce hemp seed, oil, fiber, and extract.</p><p>Once hemp is legalized nationwide, some supporters see hemp growing into a major crop and industry.</p><p>"Once we get federally backed crop insurance there's no reason this shouldn't and won't be on par with both corn and soybeans and grown on 60 million acres a year," Rosen said.<br></p><p>McBride sees hemp becoming a multi-billion dollar industry in the U.S.</p><p>"When it is said that hemp can be used to create over 25,000 different products that is not an exaggeration. Once the federal law changes to allow full commercialization there will be large investments into the infrastructure required to build the industry."</p><p>Singer said legalization of hemp will be a "game changing event."</p><p>"We need to remove the red tape and let farmers plant the seed," Roulac said.</p>
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By Yewande Okuleye
There's plenty of anecdotal evidence that Cannabidiol (CBD) oil—a concentrated oily extract made from cannabis—can help treat a variety of ailments. It's said to help with everything from epileptic seizures to opioid addiction, PTSD to arthritis.
<p>But despite CBD oil's high profile status, there's still a lot of confusion about what it actually is, and what it's made from. Certain types of CBD oil are already legally available in the UK—such as those made from hemp—whereas other types are very much illegal in the UK—though are available to buy in other countries</p><p>CBD oil extracted from hemp is often marketed as a food supplement to promote well-being—similar to other herbals like Echinacea—and boost the immune system. Although Hemp CBD oil is legal, it is not a medicine and should not be confused with the recent confiscation of 12-year-old <a href="https://theconversation.com/cannabis-oil-for-epilepsy-what-you-need-to-know-98499" target="_blank">Billy Caldwell's CBD oil</a> at Heathrow airport.</p><p>Billy had flown with his mother to Canada to buy the CBD oil—which helps to keep his daily epileptic seizures at bay. But his oil was confiscated because it was made from cannabis flowers and leaves, and so was classed as illegal in the UK, pushing childhood epilepsy and CBD oil into the <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/billy-caldwell-medical-cannabis-epilepsy-marijuana-nhs-customs-confiscate-a8393401.html" target="_blank">spotlight</a>.</p><h2>Cannabis Law Explained</h2><p>So far, so confusing, but part of the problem is that terms like cannabis and hemp are often used interchangeably—which masks the nuances and complexities of the cannabis plant.</p><p><em>Cannabis sativa</em> L, the scientific name of the cannabis plant, is cultivated to produce two distinctive products—industrial hemp, and cannabis. The main difference between hemp and cannabis is based on two criteria. First, the levels of cannabinoids—a family of chemical compounds, the cannabis plant naturally produces—and second, the end use.</p><p>According to current UK drug laws, cannabis is classified as an illegal drug because of the psychoactive properties of THC, the component in it that creates the "high." And under UK law, cannabis is deemed to have a high potential for abuse—with no accepted medical <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/119126/cannabis-class-misuse-drugs-act.pdf" target="_blank">properties</a>.</p><h2>Hemp vs cannabis</h2><p>But this is where it gets even more confusing because cannabis can be bred to create different strains. Cannabis consumed for recreational purposes is selectively bred to optimize high THC content strains—to maximize the "high" feeling. But cannabis also contains CBD, which is a non-psychoactive component.</p><p>Hemp, on the other hand, is harnessed as seed, oil and fibre to produce a wide range of products. It is cultivated to produce a low concentration of the psychoactive cannabinoid THC—as well as higher levels of the non-psychoactive cannabinoid CBD.</p><p>Cannabis is classified as hemp if it has a maximum level of 0.2% THC. Billy's CBD oil, confiscated at Heathrow, was made from cannabis with a higher level than 0.2 percent of THC—so it was classed as cannabis, which is why it was confiscated.</p><h2>Medical Marijuana</h2><p>A recent survey conducted by <a href="https://news.sky.com/story/most-britons-want-medicinal-cannabis-legalised-sky-data-poll-11410060" target="_blank">Sky News</a> found that 82 percent of their poll subjects agreed that medical cannabis should be legalised. Prof. Dame Sally Davies, the chief medical officer for England, who was appointed to investigate the current scientific and medical evidence, about the therapeutic properties of cannabis-based products, also believes this. She recently <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/medical-cannabis-legalise-uk-prescribe-epilepsy-dame-sally-davies-doctors-a8429231.html" target="_blank">said that</a> "doctors should be able to prescribe" cannabis.</p><p>Davies has recommended the removal of cannabis from schedule one <a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/722010/CMO_Report_Cannabis_Products_Web_Accessible.pdf" target="_blank">classification</a>—which covers a group of drugs considered to have no medical purpose, that cannot be legally possessed or prescribed.</p><p><span></span>In Billy Caldwell's case, the home secretary, Sajid Javid, made the decision to grant Billy access to imported CBD oil. This fresh approach to reconsider the classification of cannabis has been <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jun/16/billy-caldwells-mother-hopeful-of-cannabis-medicine-licence" target="_blank">seminal</a>, and mirrors wider sentiment in other countries. In the US, for example, medical cannabis programs have been <a href="https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000881" target="_blank">initiated in 30 states</a>. Hence, medical tourism to Canada—where cannabis is legal for medicinal purposes—and the U.S. to gain access to <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/organic-cbd-oil-2648638251.html" target="_blank">organic CBD oil</a>.</p><p>In the UK, however, Sajid Javid will not reclassify cannabis until the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/advisory-council-on-the-misuse-of-drugs" target="_blank">Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs</a> provides recommendations about the public health implications—which will include the abuse potential of cannabis-based CBD. Though it seems very likely that the home secretary will continue to move towards a patient focused resolution.</p><p>For patients like Billy then, what this means is that cannabis-based CBD oil could soon be prescribed in the UK under controlled conditions, by registered practitioners, and for medical benefit.</p><p> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate </em><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/cbd-oil-what-you-need-to-know-99430" target="_blank">The Conversation</a></em><em>.</em></p>
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By Dan Nosowitz
With it's increasing legality across the U.S., cannabis is going through growing pains.
<p>Because it was illegal for so long, cannabis is way behind compared to other plants in terms of our understanding of its best used, grown and sold. A 2015 study showed that the two major types of cannabis—<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133292" target="_blank">indica and sativa</a>—aren't even usually marked correctly. For context, this is kind of like not knowing whether a tomato is a beefsteak or a roma—different flavors, different uses.</p><p>Another side effect of cannabis's illegality is that, in states where the herb is now permissible, consumers suddenly have the the power of choice. For most of our lifetimes, cannabis purchasing was restricted to whatever we could get. "If [your dealer] even had two or three different strains or varieties, that meant you had a great connection," said Ben Gelt, the board chair of the <a href="https://cannabiscertificationcouncil.org/" target="_blank">Cannabis Certification Council (CCC)</a>. Contrast that to other farm-grown greenery and produce, where choice abounds.</p><p>Over the past two decades, this country has had a massive reckoning in terms of how much we care about where our food comes from. Organic food sales hit $47 billion in 2016. Farm-to-table restaurants can be found in almost every city. Sustainable, local and pesticide-free are buzzwords; they don't describe the majority of this country's food, not by a long shot, but the basic fact is that people are beginning to really care about where their food comes from.</p><p>And yet: when was the last time you even asked where your weed came from?</p><h2>Where's All The Organic-Labeled Weed?</h2><p>Prior to its localized legalization, cannabis crops were necessarily a black-market operation. There were no regulations, no inspections, no rules about what you could and couldn't do on a cannabis farm, because the entire farm was against the law. That led to cannabis farms becoming, mostly unbeknownst to consumers, <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2017/08/illegal-pot-farms-california-pollution/" target="_blank">among the most destructive agricultural operations</a> in the country. Cannabis farmers used, and continue to use, insane amounts of pesticides and truly awful farming practices. Why not? If the authorities find your farm, your excess use of rat poison will be the least of your worries. But that's lead to widespread environmental poisoning, deaths of endangered animals, pesticides dumped right into waterways.</p><p>Even in places where cannabis is now legal, the regulations lag far behind those of other crops. "States have become expert at taxing the industry and controlling the industry, but not at dealing with these very real public health and safety issues," said Gelt.</p><p><span></span>While many groups are working on getting stricter regulations, the CCC is working on getting consumers to demand better products. A logical way to do that would be to embrace <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2015/10/the-bad-news-about-organic-industry/" target="_blank">the organic label:</a> the theory, which has sort of worked with food, is that you convince people organic food is a better way to grow (or healthier to eat), then people demand it, and farmers grow more of it because they can charge more.</p><p>There inlies the problem: There is no organic cannabis—at least in the way we think about organic-labeled food. Because cannabis isn't legal across the entire country, the USDA's organic certification program won't certify any cannabis farm, even those that are legal in their jurisdiction and are following all the rules. That means that the people who are actually growing ethical cannabis are just losing money, because they don't have a label (or the demand) that allows them to charge more—and the same way it costs more to grow ethical tomatoes or raise ethical chickens, it costs more to grow ethical cannabis.</p><p>The other big problem is that the CCC, like many other folks, believes that the USDA's organic program is deeply flawed, beholden to agribusiness and full of loopholes. That same distaste led some groups to create their <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2018/03/the-real-organic-project-alternative-organic-label/" target="_blank">own organic label with stricter rules</a>. For the CCC, which focuses on a crop that can't even get regular organic certification, it's a no-brainer: make your own label.</p><h2>Where's the Market for "Organically Grown and Fairly Produced" Cannabis?</h2><p>The CCC's will be called CCC Certified, with language specifying that the labeled product is "organically grown and fairly produced." (I asked Gelt whether he thought the USDA might sue him for using the word "organic." "That particular phrasing came from our attorneys," he said. And, to be honest, if the USDA sues the CCC, the resulting attention could likely be nice.)</p><p>But nobody is asking for organic weed right now. "People haven't gotten totally used to the fact that they're in command. It's almost like, am I allowed to be here?" said Amy Andrle, the owner of an ethical cannabis operation in Denver and a CCC board member. There is a substantial overlap between people who buy cannabis and people who care about where their food comes from, and yet few seems to realize that cannabis should follow the same rules: <a href="http://www.elizabethannebennett.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/BENNETT-2016-ethical-marijuana-working-paper.pdf" target="_blank">A 2016 study</a> from Elizabeth Bennett at Lewis and Clark College found that many involved in the cannabis trade—both sellers and consumers—believed that cannabis was inherently "natural" or environmentally friendly, either because of an assumption about the attitudes of the growers or, bizarrely, because cannabis is a plant product.</p><p>This is emphatically not the case. To help get consumers on the right track, the CCC is starting out with a year-long education campaign. They're trying out a marketing campaign called "<a href="https://www.whatsinmyweed.com/" target="_blank">What's In My Weed?</a>" as an attempt to make the public aware, at least a little, about this issue.</p><p>In lots of ways, it's an understandable dilemma. "I know how to shop for eggs, for meat, for coffee, for a car," said Gelt. "But I haven't been taught how to shop for cannabis."</p><p>The actual CCC label is a ways off; the CCC hasn't ironed out all of the details. There's the added trouble of how cannabis is grown, for one thing: <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2017/05/is-hydro-organic-farming-organic/" target="_blank">many of those unsatisfied with the USDA's organic farming label are mad that it allows hydroponics and container-grown plants.</a> But the vast majority of cannabis in the U.S. is grown indoors, and the CCC does not plan to exclude that. So where does that leave the label? (There are, of course, good and less good ways to grow plants indoors, just as there are for outdoor plants.) And the actual science of cannabis consumption lags so far behind that a rash of new studies stemming from legalization could change what's considered ethical.</p><p>This is a period of exploring, trying new things, and inevitable making mistakes for the cannabis industry. But education is a vital part of getting the industry into the right place. And everything's got to start somewhere.</p><p> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2018/07/you-care-where-your-food-comes-from-why-not-your-pot/" target="_blank">Modern Farmer</a>.</em><em></em></p>
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By C. Michael White
On Jan. 4, Attorney General Jeff Sessions rescinded the Cole memo, a 2013 document that limits federal enforcement of marijuana laws.
This opens the door for a crackdown in the nine states with legal recreational marijuana.
<p style="">
The Cole memo is one of two documents that prevent the U.S. Justice Department from treating marijuana as <a href="https://www.drugs.com/article/csa-schedule-1.html%5D" target="_blank">a Schedule I drug</a>, defined as a substance with no accepted medical treatment and high potential for abuse. The other is the 2014 <a href="https://www.vox.com/2014/5/30/5763654/the-house-just-voted-to-protect-medical-marijuana-patients-from" target="_blank">Rohrabacher–Farr amendment</a>. This legislation bars the Department of Justice from spending any funds to keep states from implementing their own laws about "the use, distribution, possession or cultivation of medical marijuana."
</p><p style="">
The amendment's language needs to be reinserted into law each year—and it's currently set to expire on Jan. 18. That would leave patients in the 29 states with legal medical marijuana without their treatments and at risk of prosecution.
</p><p style="">
I have researched a number of drugs of abuse and natural products for safety and effectiveness. Just because a drug has abuse potential doesn't mean it's always bad and just because it's natural doesn't mean it's always safe. While I'm no fan of legalizing recreational marijuana use, I believe there has to be special dispensation for patients with a legitimate medical need.
</p><p style="">
<strong>Medical Marijuana Works</strong>
</p><p style="">
There are approximately <a href="https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=005889" target="_blank">1.2 million users of medical marijuana</a> in these 29 states. <a href="https://mjbizdaily.com/chart-of-the-week-most-common-medical-conditions-of-registered-mmj-patients/" target="_blank">Some of the most common ailments</a> include pain or muscle spasms, nausea and vomiting, cancer, PTSD, seizures and glaucoma.
</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image" style="">
<img type="lazy-image" data-runner-src="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8xNzA2OTQwOC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTY1NTI0OTI3N30.N0hZ6PsdAaDQ5qDC5Z--Q9O7nse1f7uPsdIkOl7L2PE/img.png?width=980" id="735cf" class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="feac19b8027167290f8850e79d80ae51" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image">
<small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="add photo credit...">The Conversation / CC-BY-ND</small>
</p><p style="">
The body has a system of receptors that can be stimulated by the chemicals in marijuana, called cannabinoids. In animal studies, <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.58.3.2" target="_blank">cannabinoids have been used</a> to treat symptoms like harmful weight loss, vomiting, seizures and fluid pressure in the eyes.<br>
</p><p style="">
There isn't much human research on medical marijuana, thanks to the product's illegal status and a lack of federal research funding. Large trials are nearly impossible to conduct, since products are <a href="https://lcb.wa.gov/publications/Marijuana/BOTEC%20reports/1b_Best_Practices_Contamination-Final.pdf" target="_blank">often adulterated</a> and the concentrations of cannabinoids <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.58.3.2" target="_blank">vary from plant to plant</a>.
</p><p>
Even so, human trials from around the world and pockets of the U.S. offer modestly strong <a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1611618" target="_blank">evidence of marijuana's benefits</a> in a number of disorders, such as intractable nausea and vomiting, chronic pain and severe muscle spasms and epilepsy.
</p><p style="">
For example, <a href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1611618" target="_blank">a study published in May</a> looked at the effects of cannabadiol—an active marijuana compound that does not cause euphoric high or hallucination—on children with Dravet syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by frequent, severe drug-resistant seizures. Those who took cannabadiol cut their median number of convulsive seizures per month in half, from 12 to six. These findings may be applicable to <a href="https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/treating-seizures-and-epilepsy/other-treatment-approaches/medical-marijuana-and-epilepsy" target="_blank">other people with hard-to-treat seizures</a>.
</p><p style="">
I bring up this example because it uses the highest quality study design. Also, seizures are not subjective symptoms like pain or nausea that critics may be skeptical of.
</p><p style="">
<strong>When Patients Become Criminals</strong>
</p><p style="">
<strong></strong>In my home state of Connecticut, medical marijuana is legal. Doctors are required to certify that <a href="http://www.ct.gov/dcp/cwp/view.asp?a=4287&q=503670&dcpNav=%7C&dcpNav_GID=2109" target="_blank">potential medical marijuana users</a> have a disease for which there is adequate medical evidence for marijuana's benefit. The patient then visits a licensed dispensary facility, where a pharmacists helps to select the type of product that would work best.
</p><p style="">
In such a dispensary, pharmacists know the exact amount of the active chemicals that each product contains. Unlike illegal marijuana, their products <a href="https://www.cannabis-med.org/data/pdf/en_2008_04_2.pdf" target="_blank">aren't contaminated</a> with heavy metals, bacteria, fungi, herbicides or pesticides.
</p><p>
What if patients can no longer access these products? They will either have to go without and lose the benefits of their treatment, leading to moderately intense <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FSAR.S109576" target="_blank">marijuana withdrawal symptoms</a>, such as insomnia, chills, shakiness and stomach pain.
</p><p style="">
Or, they might try to switch to the black market, where products may be inconsistent and prosecution is possible. In so doing, they would be supporting organized crime and exposing themselves to additional dangers. I especially worry about children with epilepsy who might have to use illegal marijuana that gives them a high due to the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) rather than a legal version with little to no THC.
</p><p style="">
<strong>A Balanced Approach</strong>
</p><p style="">
Since 2014, the Rohrabacher-Farr amendment has been routinely included in the appropriations language with support from both parties. But in the past year, things have broken down. So far, <a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-joint-resolution/124" target="_blank">the amendment has survived</a> through resolutions to extend government spending, but it's unclear whether it will appear in the new federal budget.
</p><p>
Sessions has <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/06/13/jeff-sessions-personally-asked-congress-to-let-him-prosecute-medical-marijuana-providers/" target="_blank">already written to members of Congress</a> asking them not to support this amendment, saying it inhibits the department's authority. <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-jeff-sessions-updates-united-states-attorneys-and-doj-component-heads" target="_blank">A new subcommittee</a> at the Department of Justice plans to assess the legalized use of marijuana.
</p><p style="">
Legal recreational marijuana comes with potential benefits and drawbacks to society, and I'm not sure yet that we know what the impact will be over the long term. But the research on medical marijuana is clear: Marijuana has legitimate medical uses. It should not be a Schedule I drug and should not be denied to patients. There's virtually no upside to banning a potentially effective therapy for patients with diseases like cancer, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
</p><p style="">
<em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-jeff-sessions-doesnt-understand-about-medical-marijuana-89941" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.</em>
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