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Man stands on stage at Fort Leonard Wood in the U.S. Brett Sayles / Pexels
Wilson "Woody" Powell served in the Air Force during the Korean war. But in the decades since, he's become staunchly anti-war.
<iframe style="border: none" src="//html5-player.libsyn.com/embed/episode/id/11814719/height/45/theme/standard/thumbnail/yes/direction/backward/" height="45" width="100%" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen oallowfullscreen msallowfullscreen></iframe><p>Through the group <a target="_blank" href="https://www.veteransforpeace.org/">Veterans for Peace</a>, Powell has spoken out against conflicts, sought justice for civilian victims, and mentored veterans with PTSD.</p><p>Now he's turned his attention to yet another cost of war: <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-change/" target="_blank">the climate</a>.</p><p>"War plays a big role in climate change," he says. "All the wars that are fought over fossil fuels, for instance. Wars that are fought on smaller levels over hardwood forests in South and Central America. The carbon footprint of the U.S. military itself, which is very, very large."</p><p>Powell recently drafted <a target="_blank" href="https://www.veteransforpeace.org/2019ballot/2019-01">a resolution</a> that urges all Veterans for Peace chapters to take climate action and help educate students and others about the issue.</p>
<p>"I was brought up during World War II," he says. "I was nine years old when it started, and I saw the mobilization that went on … where we completely switched over our manufacturing facilities from making refrigerators and automobiles to making tanks and planes and so forth."</p><p>He says it will take a similar level of commitment to defeat global warming.</p><p>And he hopes veterans across the country can help win this fight.</p>
<p><em>Reposted with permission from </em><em><a href="https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/11/veteran-urges-other-veterans-to-fight-for-the-climate/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Yale Climate Connections</a>.</em><a href="https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/11/veteran-urges-other-veterans-to-fight-for-the-climate/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a></p>
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Line of soldiers walking. Pexels
By Peter Gleick
War is a miserable thing. It kills and maims soldiers and civilians. It destroys infrastructure, cultures and communities. It worsens poverty and development challenges. And it damages and cripples vital ecological and environmental resources.
<p>Over the past 150 years, international law and principles related to war and armed conflict have evolved to try to limit some of the worst evils of violence by protecting civilians, medical and community infrastructure, and to some degree, the environment. But these protections are inadequate: Current international constraints are too weak, inadequately enforced, or both.</p>
<p>Fresh water and water systems are a disturbing example. The <a href="https://www.worldwater.org/" target="_blank">data shows</a> an increasing trend of water-related conflicts and violence against natural or built water systems, where water is a trigger, weapon, or casualty of conflict. But we must also confront a world where worsening environmental conditions, including human-caused climate change, also <a href="https://www.gleick.com/blog/a-history-of-u-s-defense-intelligence-and-security-assessments-of-climate" target="_blank">contribute to the risk</a> of population displacements, tensions, armed conflict and war.</p><p>It is time for renegotiating and strengthening the international law protecting resources and the environment — a green Geneva Convention to protect resources, ecosystems (including the climate) and critical civilian water and energy infrastructure. We can start by building on the International Law Commission's new draft environmental principles that were recently provisionally adopted at the United Nations and adding a set of principles like those proposed for the protection of water infrastructure by the Geneva Water Hub of the University of Geneva.</p>
The Problem
<p>Over the long history of human conflicts, a set of ethical standards and legal constraints have evolved to try to limit or ban certain actions, behaviors and weapons, and to protect certain populations and assets from destruction. In theory, these rules and codes of conduct, referred to as <a href="https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-are-jus-ad-bellum-and-jus-bello-0" target="_blank"><em>jus in bello</em></a> ("the law in waging war") or "international humanitarian laws," help to protect civilian populations, prisoners of war, medical personnel and facilities, and non-military property and infrastructure — including the environment.</p><p>In practice, however, these laws have largely failed to prevent attacks on basic civilian infrastructure and the natural environment, and they do not appear to impose accountability on governments in a way that limits military operations. Extensive evidence shows the growing effects of armed conflicts on civilians, built infrastructure and the natural environment — <a href="https://www.gleick.com/blog/water-conflict-and-peace" target="_blank">especially water</a>. Similarly, threats such as climate change are worsening the risks of agricultural failure, coastal flooding, population displacement, economic disruption and political failures contributing to violent altercations. Over the past few decades, persistent war and violence by nation-states and subnational groups has led to the "de-development" of entire countries, including Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan and others. Infrastructure has been destroyed, incomes and quality of life has plummeted, fertility and life expectancies rates have fallen, infant mortality and unemployment has soared, large numbers of people have been physically displaced from their homes and lives, and even the most rudimentary aspects of survival have been challenged, including access to basic energy and safe water and sanitation. In Yemen, for example, attacks on civilian water systems have led to a <a href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/crises/yem/en/" target="_blank">massive epidemic of cholera</a>, with over 1 million cases reported and over 2,000 deaths.</p><p>Three core problems exist: The current international laws of war inadequately protect natural resources and the environment in the context of civil war or local conflicts. Militaries and armed groups inconsistently identify and differentiate among legitimate and illegitimate targets and ambiguous language in current laws and agreements creates loopholes for the military. And the enforcement of laws of war — and punishment of violators of these laws — are rare and subjective.</p><p>Yet disdain for — and prohibition against — <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-019-02212-z" target="_blank">intentionally targeting civilian infrastructure</a> is rooted in custom, religious rules and ethical codes of behavior that go back thousands of years, to early Sanskrit, Jewish, Christian, Islamic, and other cultures. In the fourth century BC, Alexander the Great tore down defensive weirs built by the Persians along the Tigris River, describing attempts to block access along the river as "unbecoming to men who are victorious in battle." In 1439, Charles VII of Orleans instituted a law holding officers responsible for "the abuses, ills and offences" committed by the men they commanded. The Lieber Code of 1863, promulgated by President Lincoln during the U.S. Civil War, provided guidance for Union armies in the field, stating in part: "Military necessity…does not admit of the use of poison in any way, nor of the wanton devastation of a district. It admits of deception, but disclaims acts of perfidy; and, in general, military necessity does not include any act of hostility which makes the return to peace unnecessarily difficult… The use of poison in any manner, be it to poison wells, or food, or arms, is wholly excluded from modern warfare. He that uses it puts himself out of the pale of the law and usages of war."</p><p>It must be noted, of course, that these guidelines failed to prevent or constrain extensive human rights abuses during the Civil War, including General Sherman's historically destructive march across Georgia laying waste to towns, farms and all symbols of civilian society — acts that still reverberate in the region today.</p><p>Modern versions of international principles and laws evolved from these early guidelines. The humanitarian justification for these protections rests on the understanding that access to basic resources like water and sanitation, or protection of the environment, is critical for human health and the prevention of enormous human suffering. The first Geneva Convention in 1864 called for protecting non-combatants, prisoners of war and wounded soldiers. As time went on, these protections became more well-defined: The<a href="http://www.weaponslaw.org/instruments/1968-saint-petersburg-declaration" target="_blank">1868 St. Petersburg Declaration</a> states "the necessities of war ought to yield to the requirements of humanity" and "the only legitimate object which States should endeavor to accomplish during war is to weaken the military forces of the enemy." The <a href="https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/135" target="_blank">1874 Brussels Protocol</a> forbids "any destruction or seizure of the enemy's property that is not imperatively demanded by the necessity of war." The first Hague Conventions and Declarations (of 1899 and 1907) sought "to diminish the evils of war, as far as military requirements permit" and included the famous Martens Clause:</p><p>"Until a more complete code of the laws of war has been issued, the High Contracting Parties deem it expedient to declare that, in cases not included in the Regulations adopted by them, the inhabitants and the belligerents remain under the protection and the rule of the principles of the law of nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity, and the dictates of the public conscience."</p>
<p>After the Second World War, efforts were made to develop even stronger legal protections for civilians and infrastructure. The <a href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.33_GC-IV-EN.pdf" target="_blank">1949 Fourth Geneva Convention</a>'s Article 53 prohibits deliberate or indiscriminate destruction of property belonging to individuals or "the State, or to other public authorities" and Article 147 bans "extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly." Even more explicit civilian and environmental protections were developed with the <a href="https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/misc/additional-protocols-1977.htm" target="_blank">1977 Protocols to the Geneva Convention</a>, including Protocol I, which limits warfare that causes "superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering" or "widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment"), prohibits indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure and protects civilian infrastructure critical to the survival of civilian populations. The 1977 Protocols also prohibit military actions when the "collateral damage" to civilian objects and noncombatants is excessive in relation to the military gains.</p><p>Other international declarations, laws and agreements explicitly protect the environment and natural resources from war and conflict. The 1976 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques includes specific protection of the "hydrosphere" and bans "weather modification" with the intent of causing damage or destruction. The World Charter for Nature and similar language in the Stockholm Declaration and Rio Declaration says that States shall "ensure that activities within their jurisdictions or control do not cause damage to the natural systems located within other States" and "nature shall be secured against degradation caused by warfare or other hostile activities."</p><p>But the question remains: Are these protections relevant — or sufficient — to address the threat of human-caused climate changes and related threats to resources?</p>
The State of Current International Laws of War
<p>All these efforts, legal statements and principles fail to adequately protect civilians and the environment during armed conflicts. The 1991 civil war in Somalia destroyed the water system, which in turn contributed to outbreaks of cholera affecting 55,000 people. The destruction of Yemen's urban water system between 2016 and 2019 has led to massive cholera outbreaks and suffering. <a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25722-extremists-in-iraq-now-control-the-countrys-rivers/" target="_blank">ISIS attacked major dams</a> along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and used them as weapons to either deny downstream populations of water or to flood areas for military purposes.</p><p>Recent trends related to water offer insights into the weaknesses and limitations of current international humanitarian environmental law. The <a href="https://www.worldwater.org/water-conflict/" target="_blank">Water Conflict Chronology</a> database identifies water as a trigger, weapon and casualty of armed conflict. The chart shows the number of recorded events, per year, since 1930 and the dramatic increase in recent years. When characterized by the type of conflicts, we also see a shift from nation-to-nation conflicts toward sub-national events including riots, civil wars, and terrorism.</p><p>The chart shows a large increase in the number of reported events after the mid-1980s. Conclusions about trends in water-related conflicts should be made with caution because of changes in media coverage, access to broader sources of information and increased attention focused on the problem. Nevertheless, incidences of water-related conflicts have been rising rapidly. While the use of water as a weapon and attacks on water systems can be found in every time period and continent (except Antarctica), the past decade has seen a dramatic increase in such attacks focused in the Middle East and North Africa — particularly in Iraq, Syria, Yemen — involving civil conflicts with major outside and proxy forces.</p><p>These trends suggest serious limitations to the protections offered by current humanitarian laws of war.</p><p>Most constraints on actions during conflict have been formulated in the context of interstate war, not civil wars, subnational conflicts, or local internal violence. Yet most recent violence has been subnational, not nation-to-nation.</p><p>The ambiguity of language in the laws makes it easier to exploit loopholes. Militaries inconsistently identify and differentiate among legitimate and illegitimate targets and fall back on claims of military "necessity" and "proportionality."</p><p>Even when violations seem clear, enforcement and punishment of violators of these laws are rare. Parties to the Geneva Conventions have an obligation to enforce its provisions and to bring to trial persons who have allegedly violated its provisions. but nations have been unable or unwilling to enforce relevant provisions. Consequently, a new Environmental Geneva Convention is needed, focused on protecting the environment, natural resources and vital civilian infrastructure that supports basic needs like water, food, and energy.</p><p>Two modest international efforts at strengthening protections of the environment and resources during conflicts have recently moved forward. The first is adoption by the International Law Commission of the United Nations of <a href="http://legal.un.org/ilc/sessions/71/docs.shtml" target="_blank">draft principles governing protection of the environment</a> during armed conflict. The second is a set of <a href="https://www.unige.ch/droit/eau/en/une/2019/liste-principes-geneve/" target="_blank">principles for the protection of water infrastructure</a> developed by the Geneva Water Hub of the University of Geneva.</p><p>The International Law Commissions draft principles apply to the protection of the environment before, during and after armed conflict. They broadly require States to protect land and resources, constrain military operations that may damage the environment, prevent and mitigate environmental degradation where populations are displaced, and avoid engaging in environmental modification techniques having severe, long-term effects. Following armed conflicts, the principles call for States to repair, compensate, and remediate all environmental damages and remove hazardous remains of war.</p><p>The Geneva List of Principles on the Protection of Water Infrastructure is an effort to broadly develop rules to protect crucial water supply and sanitation infrastructure and systems and was developed in part due to the recent increase in attacks on such infrastructure. Unlike the ILC's principles, which focus on State actors, the Geneva List of Principles is designed to apply to both State and non-State actors.</p><p>Among its key principles are that parties to conflicts should refrain from using water-related infrastructure as a means of warfare, and the use of poison against water and water infrastructure is prohibited. Water systems and water-system personnel are presumed to be civilian and must not be attacked. Parties to conflicts must take all feasible precautions to protect civilians and civilian infrastructure, avoid locating military objectives near water-related infrastructure, and establish protected zones around water-related infrastructure. Water infrastructure containing "dangerous forces" such as dams and dikes, should not be objects of attack. Control over water delivery or access must not be used to force the displacement of civilians. Humanitarian relief efforts and personnel involved in water-related activities must be respected and protected.</p><p>And occupying powers must provide and maintain basic water and sanitation services.</p><p>It remains to be seen whether any newly crafted or strongly worded principles will be more effective at protecting natural resources and the environment than the previous 150 years of efforts to design effective international humanitarian laws of war. Comprehensive principles must be universally accepted, taught to military commanders and their political counterparts, and especially, actively enforced by the international community — with punishments for violations meted out by States themselves or the international criminal court system.</p><p>Until then, the growing value and importance of climatic systems, water, energy, food and other vital environmental resources will continue to make them vulnerable as targets or weapons of war, or as triggers of violence and armed conflict.</p>
<p><em>Peter Gleick is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and a hydroclimatologist.</em><br/></p><p><em>This story originally appeared in <a href="https://thebulletin.org/biography/peter-gleick/" target="_blank">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</a>. </em><em>It is republished here as part of</em> <em>EcoWatch's partnership with Covering Climate Now, a global collaboration of more than 250 news outlets to strengthen coverage of the climate story.</em></p>From Your Site Articles
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This World War I Battlefield Is a Haunting Reminder of the Environmental Costs of War
12 November 2018
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The battlefield of Verdun is part of France's Zone Rouge, cordoned off since the end of WWI. Oeuvre personnelle / Wikimedia Commons
World War I ended 100 years ago on Sunday, but 42,000 acres in northeast France serve as a living memorial to the human and environmental costs of war.
The battle of Verdun was the longest continuous conflict in the Great War, and it so devastated the land it took place on that, after the war, the government cordoned it off-limits to human habitation. What was once farmland became the Zone Rouge, or Red Zone, as National Geographic reported.
<p>An excellent Twitter thread by writer Paul Cooper, excerpted here, explains more: </p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-twitter_embed">
<iframe width="100%" height="150" scrolling="no" class="rm-shortcode twitter-embed-989100365789483008" id="twitter-embed-989100365789483008" type="lazy-iframe" data-runner-src="/res/community/twitter_embed/?iframe_id=twitter-embed-989100365789483008&created_ts=1524654878.0&screen_name=PaulMMCooper&text=The+areas+covered+by+the+Zone+Rouge+%28right%29+roughly+follow+the+lines+of+trenches+along+the+Western+Front.+%28left%29%0A%0AT%E2%80%A6+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FxZvXtUVLKW&id=989100365789483008&name=Paul+%F0%9F%8C%B9%F0%9F%93%9A+Cooper" frameborder="0" data-rm-shortcode-id="1LFSID1576662471"></iframe>
</p><p>100 years later, humans still don't live in the Zone Rouge, which is so thick with unexploded shells that a French government agency called the<em> </em>Department du Deminage is still at work clearing them. The Department handles shells from World War II as well, and from other areas, but the Zone Rouge is especially saturated.<br></p><p>"They reckon that they have 300 years work ahead of them before they have cleared the whole battlefield," British historian and author Christina Holstein told National Geographic. "And they never will."</p><p>Hugh Whitfeld produced a video for Australia's 7 News highlighting their Sisyphean task:</p>
<div class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="e2531fb76214314370664850f27ac497"><div class="fb-video" data-href="https://www.facebook.com/hughwhitfeld7/videos/2233480380221881/" data-allowfullscreen="true"></div></div>
<p>For much of the area, the years without human presence have had a restorative impact on the land, transforming the Zone Rouge into a forested green zone.<br></p><p>"To their surprise, they found the vegetation—trees, grasses, bushes and briars—all came back very quickly," Holstein told National Geographic. Verdun was also intentionally reforested with German pine sent from the Black <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/forests" target="_blank">Forest</a> as part of reparations following the war, <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/10/europe/verdun-world-war-1-centenary-intl/index.html" target="_blank">CNN reported</a>. </p><p>The area is a now a favored spot for hunters of wild boar and deer and a source of timber for France, as well as de facto memorial to the villages whose ruins remain amid the trees.</p><p>"Because it has been abandoned and covered with trees, it is a microcosm of something that happened a hundred years ago," Holstein told National Geographic. "It is a bit like Sleeping Beauty. Things have just gotten frozen in time."</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-twitter_embed">
<iframe width="100%" height="150" scrolling="no" class="rm-shortcode twitter-embed-989100394109394944" id="twitter-embed-989100394109394944" type="lazy-iframe" data-runner-src="/res/community/twitter_embed/?iframe_id=twitter-embed-989100394109394944&created_ts=1524654885.0&screen_name=PaulMMCooper&text=One+plaque+even+reads+%22In+memory+of+water.+In+this+place+stood+one+of+the+fountains+of+Douaumont%22%0A%0A%28Olivier+Saint+H%E2%80%A6+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FB6JQzgocA7&id=989100394109394944&name=Paul+%F0%9F%8C%B9%F0%9F%93%9A+Cooper" frameborder="0" data-rm-shortcode-id="TIY7IQ1576662471"></iframe>
</p><p>However, one part of the Zone Rouge has not recovered. This is the La place a Gaz (the gas place), a shack in a clearing surrounded by razor wire where companies burned unused gas shells after the war.<br></p><p>"They burned it for years, basically for the entire 1920s and we never thought about the consequences," area historian Guillaume Moizan told CNN. </p><p>It is still one of the most toxic sites in France. The arsenic levels in the <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/soil" target="_blank">soil</a> are 35,000 times higher than normal and some parts of the soil are 17.5 percent arsenic, according to a 2007 study. Little grows there, even now.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-twitter_embed">
<iframe width="100%" height="150" scrolling="no" class="rm-shortcode twitter-embed-989100380834422784" id="twitter-embed-989100380834422784" type="lazy-iframe" data-runner-src="/res/community/twitter_embed/?iframe_id=twitter-embed-989100380834422784&created_ts=1524654882.0&screen_name=PaulMMCooper&text=Although+today+the+Zone+Rouge+has+been+largely+repopulated%2C+there+are+still+no-go+areas.%0A%0AOn+two+pieces+of+land+clo%E2%80%A6+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FYSbFVSFrJ5&id=989100380834422784&name=Paul+%F0%9F%8C%B9%F0%9F%93%9A+Cooper" frameborder="0" data-rm-shortcode-id="UNLCHR1576662471"></iframe>
</p><p>Conflicts since World War I have continued to devastate the environments of the countries where they were fought, from <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/glyphosate-could-reignite-push-for-agent-orange-justice-2599594069.html" target="_self">Vietnam</a> to <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/environmental-degradation-from-climate-change-and-conflict-plagues-ira-1881858160.html" target="_self">Iraq</a>. The U.S. Department of Defense is in fact the <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/military-largest-polluter-2408760609.html" target="_self">world's biggest polluter</a>. Today, La place a Gaz serves as a chilling reminder that, when governments order their armies into battle, they are not just killing the enemy—they are killing the earth we will all share long after the guns have fallen silent.</p>
<p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-twitter_embed">
<iframe width="100%" height="150" scrolling="no" class="rm-shortcode twitter-embed-970694256523464706" id="twitter-embed-970694256523464706" type="lazy-iframe" data-runner-src="/res/community/twitter_embed/?iframe_id=twitter-embed-970694256523464706&created_ts=1520266520.0&screen_name=EcoWatch&text=The+Cold+War%E2%80%99s+Toxic+Legacy%3A+Costly%2C+Dangerous+Cleanups+at+Atomic+Bomb+Production+Sites+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FZO870QjaQ2%E2%80%A6+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2F0xBT122ZHJ&id=970694256523464706&name=EcoWatch" frameborder="0" data-rm-shortcode-id="KIEE9C1576662471"></iframe>
</p>
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Climate change isn't just causing glaciers to melt, sea levels to rise and forests to set fire. It has becoming increasingly evident that Earth's rising temperatures also threatens international security.
In fact, an analysis released Friday by the Center for Climate and Security has identified 12 "epicenters," or categories, where the world's rising temperatures could trigger major global conflict.
<p>"Any one of the climate and security epicenters can be disruptive," said Caitlin Werrell, co-president of the Center for Climate and Security and editor of the report, <em>Epicenters of Climate and Security: The New Geostrategic Landscape of the Anthropocene</em>. "Taken together, however, these epicenters can present a serious challenge to international security as we understand it."</p><p>The categories include eroding state sovereignty, <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/which-country-will-be-first-to-go-completely-underwater-due-to-climate-1882044955.html">low-lying nations</a> going underwater, as well as the disruption in the global coffee trade that employs 125 million people worldwide. </p><p>Previous studies have identified how terrorist groups in certain regions are taking advantage of <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/prince-charles-climate-change-root-cause-of-syrian-war-1882124317.html">increasingly scarce</a> natural resources such as water and food as a "weapon of war." Additionally, a <a href="http://ecowatch.com/2014/05/14/military-report-climate-change-conflict/" target="_blank">U.S. military report</a> from 2014 called climate change a "catalyst for conflict" and a "threat multiplier." President Obama once said that "<a href="http://ecowatch.com/2015/01/21/obama-state-of-the-union-climate-change/" target="_blank">no challenge poses a great threat</a> than climate change, and it's an "<a href="http://ecowatch.com/2015/05/21/obama-climate-change-national-security/" target="_blank">immediate risk to our national security</a>."</p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/trump-watch/" target="_blank">President Trump</a> and many top officials in his administration brush off or reject the science of climate change. <a href="http://mediamatters.org/research/2015/11/16/ignoring-the-facts-conservative-media-call-bern/206860" target="_blank">Conservative media</a> has also mocked the idea that climate change is <a href="http://ecowatch.com/2015/11/15/sanders-climate-change-terrorism/" target="_blank">related to the growth of terrorism</a>. And let's not forget Trump's middle finger to the world when he dropped the U.S. out of the <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/paris-agreement">Paris climate agreement</a>, which has been signed by every nation on Earth except war-torn Syria and Nicaragua, which didn't think the accord was strong enough. </p><p>The Center for Climate and Security report stresses why mitigating climate change should be the highest priority for governments and institutions around the world. <br></p><p>"This report demonstrates the kind of cross-sectorial thinking needed to anticipate and mitigate climate-related systemic risks—risks that will be disruptive at local, national, regional and global levels," said Francesco Femia, co-president of the Center for Climate and Security and editor of the report. "Security risks thousands of miles away can have an effect on us at home. Understanding that can help advance preventive rather than reactive solutions."</p><p>These are the 12 epicenters identified by the security experts in the report:<br></p><p><strong>1. Eroding State Sovereignty: </strong>An inability to absorb the stresses of a rapidly-changing climate may erode state sovereignty (Francesco Femia and Caitlin Werrell);</p><p><strong>2. Disappearing Nations:</strong> Many low-lying nations are in danger of being completely submerged by rising seas (Andrew Holland and Esther Babson);</p><p><span></span><strong>3. Conflict Over Melting Water Towers: </strong>Climate change can increase tensions and conflict among the 4 billion people dependent on mountain “water towers" (Troy Sternberg);</p><p><span></span><strong>4. Conflict Over Fisheries: </strong>A warming ocean is driving critical fish stocks into contested waters, contributing to conflict between states (Michael Thomas);</p><p><span></span><strong>5. Tensions in a Melting Arctic:</strong> Increased activity in a melting Arctic raises new security and geopolitical risks (Katarzyna Zysk and David Titley);</p><p><span></span><strong>6. Weaponized Water:</strong> As climate change exacerbates water stress, non-state actors, including international terrorist organizations, are increasingly using water as a weapon (Marcus King and Julia Burnell);</p><p><span></span><strong>7. Disrupted Strategic Trade Routes: </strong>Climate change will place strains on maritime straits that are critical for global trade and security (Adam H. Goldstein and Constantine Samaras);</p><p><span></span><strong>8. Compromised Coffee Trade: </strong>Climate change may also disrupt critical global trading networks, like the coffee trade. which currently supports 125 million people worldwide (Shiloh Fetzek);</p><p><span></span><strong>9. More (and Worse) Pandemics:</strong> Climate change may increase the likelihood and range of pandemics, which could threaten global security (Kaleem Hawa);</p><p><span></span><strong>10. Flooded Coastal Megacities:</strong> Rapidly expanding coastal megacities are threatened by climate impacts like sea level rise, which can destabilize nations (Janani Vivekenanda and Neil Bhatiya);</p><p><span></span><strong>11. Increased Displacement and Migration: </strong>Climate change is becoming a more significant driver of migration and displacement (Robert McLeman);</p><p><span></span><strong>12. Enhanced Nuclear Risks:</strong> Climate change, nuclear security, and policies that are not sensitive to both simultaneously, can increase regional and global security threats (Christine Parthemore)</p><p>Here is a video introduction to the report:</p>
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