Natural Supplements Can be Dangerously Contaminated, or Not Even Have the Specified Ingredients
16 February
Food
Pexels
By C. Michael White
More than two-thirds of Americans take dietary supplements. The vast majority of consumers — 84 percent — are confident the products are safe and effective.
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They should not be so trusting.
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<a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=lWAD9d8AAAAJ&hl=en" target="_blank">I'm</a> a professor of pharmacy practice at the University of Connecticut. As described in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028019900504" target="_blank">my new article</a> in the Annals of Pharmacotherapy, consumers take real risks if they use diet supplements not independently verified by reputable outside labs.
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<em>Reposted with permission from </em><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/natural-supplements-can-be-dangerously-contaminated-or-not-even-have-the-specified-ingredients-131021" target="_blank">The Conversation</a></em><em>.</em>
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What Are the Risks?
<p>Heavy metals, which are known to cause <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4427717/" target="_blank">cancer, dementia and brittle bones</a>, contaminate many diet supplements. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049676" target="_blank">One study of 121 products</a> revealed 5 percent of them surpassed the safe daily consumption limit for arsenic. Two percent had excess lead, cadmium and aluminum; and 1 percent had too much mercury. <a href="https://www.fda.gov/food/dietary-supplement-products-ingredients/fda-advises-consumers-stop-using-certain-life-rising-dietary-supplements" target="_blank">In June 2019</a>, the Food and Drug Administration seized 300,000 dietary supplement bottles because their pills contained excessive lead levels.</p><p>Bacterial and fungal contamination in dietary supplements <a href="https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2014/08/dietary-supplements-recalled-for-possible-salmonella-contamination/" target="_blank">is not uncommon</a>. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00167.x" target="_blank">In one assessment</a>, researchers found bacteria in all 138 products they investigated. Toxic fungi were also in many of the supplements, and counts for numerous products exceeded the acceptable limits set by the <a href="https://www.usp.org/" target="_blank">United States Pharmacopeia</a>. Fungal contamination of diet supplements <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/fpd.2015.2108" target="_blank">has been linked</a> to serious liver, intestinal and appendix damage.</p><p><span></span>From 2017-18, <a href="https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/fda-investigated-multistate-outbreak-salmonella-infections-linked-products-reported-contain-kratom" target="_blank">dozens were hospitalized</a> with salmonella poisoning after ingesting kratom, a highly addictive natural opioid. Thirty-seven of the kratom products studied were contaminated.</p><p>Some dietary supplements contain drugs, yet the manufacturers <a href="https://theconversation.com/beware-of-natural-supplements-for-sex-gain-and-weight-loss-106484" target="_blank">don't disclose that information</a> to consumers. Frequently, the concealed drugs are experimental and, in some cases, removed from the market because they're dangerous. Hundreds of weight-loss, sexual-dysfunction and muscle-building products are adulterated with inferior or harmful substances.</p><p>Sometimes, the herb you think you're buying contains little to no active ingredient. Occasionally, another herb is substituted.</p><p>The consequences for consumers are considerable. When manufacturers replaced the herb <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200006083422301" target="_blank">Stephania tetrandra with the herb Aristolochia fangchi</a> in 2000, more than 100 patients developed severe kidney damage; 18 more got kidney or bladder cancer. Although the herb is now banned by the U.S., <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19440049.2014.892215?src=recsys" target="_blank">a 2014 investigation</a> found Aristolochia fangchi in 20 percent of the Chinese herbal products sold on the internet.</p><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1387" target="_blank">In an assessment</a> of CBD products, only 12.5 percent of vaporization liquids, 25 percent of tinctures and 45 percent of oils contained the promised amount of CBD. In most cases they held far less. A few CBD products had enough THC to put the user in legal jeopardy of marijuana possession.</p><p><span></span>Embarrassed by a New York Attorney General's Office <a href="http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1532311-supplements.html#document/p1" target="_blank">investigation</a> suggesting widespread and fraudulent under-dosing of active ingredients in dietary supplements, <a href="https://cvshealth.com/newsroom/press-releases/cvs-pharmacy-launches-tested-be-trusted-program-vitamins-and-supplements" target="_blank">CVS pharmacies analyzed</a> 1,400 products that it previously sold in its stores. <a href="https://cvshealth.com/newsroom/press-releases/cvs-pharmacy-launches-tested-be-trusted-program-vitamins-and-supplements" target="_blank">Seven percent,</a> or about 100 products, failed, resulting in updates to the supplement facts panel or removal of the product from shelves.</p>What Should Consumers Do?
<p>The <a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/About/DSHEA_Wording.aspx" target="_blank">Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act</a> of 1994 allows manufacturers to sell dietary supplements without providing proof of their quality to the FDA. Instead, it's up to the FDA to prove a product is unsafe and take it off the market. That's an incredibly tall order, and woefully inadequate. But it's unlikely to change.</p><p>In the meantime, I recommend that consumers should not purchase supplements without verification from one of three highly regarded independent laboratories: the aforementioned United States Pharmacopeia, the National Science Foundation and ConsumerLabs.com. The United States Pharmacopeia is an organization that <a href="https://www.usp.org/dietary-supplements-herbal-medicines" target="_blank">sets reference and quality standards</a> for prescription medication and food in the U.S.; the National Science Foundation is a governmental scientific body that sponsors basic science research; and ConsumerLabs.com is a company started to verify product quality for consumers that are paying members. These laboratories conduct an <a href="https://www.consumerreports.org/supplements/how-to-choose-supplements-wisely/" target="_blank">initial analysis</a> and then perform periodic unannounced assessments of the products; those with the appropriate amount of active ingredient, and without contamination or adulteration, can put the United States Pharmacopeia, National Science Foundation and <a href="https://www.consumerlab.com/seal.asp" target="_blank">ConsumerLabs.com seals</a> on their bottles. CVS announced that all products sold at its stores going forward will need to provide the company proof of quality. Other major retailers should follow suit.</p><p>In the meantime, I recommend that consumers should not purchase supplements without verification from one of three highly regarded independent laboratories: the aforementioned United States Pharmacopeia, NSF International and ConsumerLabs.com. The United States Pharmacopeia is an organization that <a href="https://www.usp.org/dietary-supplements-herbal-medicines" rel="noopener noreferrer">sets reference and quality standards</a> for prescription medication and food in the U.S.; the NSF International is an independent group that assesses safety and risk for food, water and consumer products; and ConsumerLabs.com is a company started to verify product quality for consumers that are paying members. These laboratories conduct an <a href="https://www.consumerreports.org/supplements/how-to-choose-supplements-wisely/" rel="noopener noreferrer">initial analysis</a> and then perform periodic unannounced assessments of the products; those with the appropriate amount of active ingredient, and without contamination or adulteration, can put the United States Pharmacopeia, NSF and <a href="https://www.consumerlab.com/seal.asp" target="_blank">ConsumerLabs.com</a> seals on their bottles. CVS announced that all products sold at its stores going forward will need to provide the company proof of quality. Other major retailers should follow suit.</p><p>Some manufacturers conduct quality testing and post certificates of analysis on their websites. But the autonomy of the laboratory, and its standards, <a href="https://www.consumerlab.com/answers/can-i-trust-supplement-manufacturer-lab-reports-and-certificates-of-analysis/certificates-of-analysis/" target="_blank">are often not known</a>. Sometimes, labs may select an inappropriate testing method, intentionally or unintentionally. Sometimes they perform the test incorrectly, or simply make up results.</p><p>Because the FDA can't fully protect you from quality issues in dietary supplements — at least not right now — you must protect yourself. Even if a celebrity or "health guru" recommends a product, that doesn't mean it's high-quality. Before you put any supplement into your body, demand proof.</p><p><em>Correction: An earlier version of this article stated that the organization that tests consumer products for safety is the National Science Foundation. It has been corrected to clarify that NSF International is the organization who conducts the testing. </em></p>
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Marijuana edibles like these gummy bears may come with a higher risk than previously thought. Jamie Grill / Getty Images
Consuming marijuana edibles may not be as risk-free as some like to believe, Canadian doctors argue.
<p>There is still much left to be discovered about marijuana and its effects. Cannabis edibles take an average of around four hours longer to produce noticeable effects when compared to inhaled cannabis, which the authors of a commentary titled <em><a href="https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/1/E1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Health considerations of the legalization of cannabis edibles</a></em> argue can lead to its overconsumption. Furthermore, the effects of cannabis consumption can last up to eight hours, leading to a much longer period of impairment. These factors create a heightened risk in "cannabis-naïve individuals" like children, older people or pets who may mistake edibles for candy or other food.</p><p><em>Cannabis sativa </em>is a plant that contains more than 80 different naturally occurring compounds called "cannabinoids," most well-known are cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), according to the <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-cannabis-research-and-drug-approval-process" target="_blank">U.S. Federal Drug Administration</a>. Marijuana edibles are products containing CBD or THC made for ingestion, which produce a variety of effects depending on the dosage, chemical makeup and individual response to the product. </p><p><br/></p>
<p>"Although edibles are commonly viewed as a safer and more desirable alternative to smoked or vaped cannabis, physicians and the public should be aware of several risks related to the use of cannabis edibles," <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-01/cmaj-cep123019.php" target="_blank">wrote</a> by physicians <a href="https://doctors.cpso.on.ca/DoctorDetails/Grewal-Jasleen/0328544-119051" target="_blank">Jasleen Grewal</a> and <a href="http://www.dlsph.utoronto.ca/faculty-profile/loh-lawrence-c/" target="_blank">Lawrence Loh</a> in the commentary published in the <a href="https://www.cmaj.ca/content/192/1/E1" target="_blank">Canadian Medical Association Journal</a>. </p><p>In 2018, the northern nation became the first major world economy to legalize recreational marijuana in what that was likened to the ending of alcohol prohibition in the U.S, reported <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/world/canada/marijuana-pot-cannabis-legalization.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The New York Times</a>. In October of last year, Canada amended its cannabis regulations to authorize the legal production and sale of cannabis edibles.</p><p>In light of these new regulations, the use of marijuana is prevalent. A <a href="http://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/190815/t005a-eng.htm" target="_blank">2019 National Cannabis Survey</a> found that more than one-in-four respondents in Canada had used cannabis in the previous three months and consumed edibles. By comparison, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuna-us-adults/one-in-seven-us-adults-used-marijuana-in-2017-idUSKCN1LC2B7" target="_blank">Reuters</a> reports that one-in-seven American adults reported using marijuana in 2017. However, that proportion went up dramatically for respondents who lived in states where marijuana was completely legal.</p>
<p>As of the beginning of this year, <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/legal-marijuana-states-2018-1" target="_blank">Business Insider</a> reports there are 11 states with both legalized recreational and medical marijuana for adults over the age of 21, and 33 states that allow marijuana for medicinal purposes. However, legislation regarding the distribution, sale, use and growing largely vary between state governments and federal prohibition is still in effect, which means that in the U.S. there little regulatory oversight when it comes to safety regulations and consumer cautions. (Though <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/sarabrittanysomerset/2019/11/18/us-lawmakers-to-vote-on-more-act-to-end-federal-cannabis-prohibition/#1c9c990e423c" target="_blank">Forbes</a> reports that there have been congressional moves in recent months to legalize marijuana at a federal level.)</p><p>"After legalization of cannabis edibles in Colorado, the state poison control center saw a 70 percent increase in calls for accidental cannabis exposure in children from 2013 to 2017, and studies of health care usage reported more children than adults being treated for ingestion incidents," write the authors. </p><p>The authors argue that information available on edibles can be misleading and may run counter to what evidence suggests. A recent survey by the <a href="https://www.ccsa.ca/canadian-youth-perceptions-cannabis-report" target="_blank">Canadian Center on Substance Use and Addiction</a> found that younger consumers believe that cannabis edibles have a positive effect on mood, anxiety and sleep. Though the controversial plant has been linked to <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/medical-marijuana-2018011513085" target="_blank">health benefits</a> for many conditions, long-term consumption is also associated with <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28127591" target="_blank">adverse effects</a> like panic attacks and psychosis. </p>
<p>The authors do not suggest banning marijuana, but instead argue that doctors and consumers should be aware of the effects of marijuana and should follow federal regulations regarding its use.</p><p>"Physicians should routinely question patients who ask about cannabis about their use or intended use of edible cannabis products so that they can counsel these patients regarding child safety, potential for accidental overconsumption and delayed effects, and potential for interactions with other substances such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, sleeping aids and opioids," caution the authors.</p><p>Additionally, the authors note that state efforts should continue to monitor cannabis use and continue evaluating the effects of legalized edibles to ensure that regulations are met and the most vulnerable groups are protected. </p>
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Tinnakorn Jorruang / iStock / Getty Images
By Dan Nosowitz
The budding research on cannabidiol, or CBD, attracts a great deal of interest in the agricultural field.
<p>After all, CBD is most commonly derived from industrial hemp, a crop newly legal nationwide that could end up being a fantastically valuable one for farmers. So we keep a close eye on the burgeoning research for exactly what CBD can do, including new work from scientists at University College London, who demonstrated that CBD might be helpful for addiction—both from marijuana and cigarettes.</p>
<p>CBD is found in high doses in particular strains of the cannabis plant, bred to have low (or no) quantities of THC, usually referred to as the psychoactive element of the plant. Smoking industrial hemp <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2019/07/people-keep-stealing-industrial-hemp-which-will-not-get-them-high/" target="_blank">won't get you high</a>, but as a result of its legality (and a recent trendiness for plant-based drugs), CBD has become wildly popular and <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2019/03/kentucky-is-hoping-to-become-the-california-of-hemp/" target="_blank">widely available</a>. CBD is also notoriously under-studied, due to its long status as an illegal drug prior to the 2018 Farm Bill, and <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/11/1/18024806/cbd-oil-vape-hemp" target="_blank">most of the claims at your local vape shop</a> are misleading at best.</p><p>But this isn't to say that CBD is a Himalayan salt lamp (read: totally useless). It does have some interesting effects, and researchers are working to figure out how they can be used. At a New Scientist Live presentation this week, Val Curran, a professor of pharmacology at University College London, demonstrated some possible addiction-treating benefits of the chemical compound.</p>
<p>Her most recent study tested out whether doses of CBD could help people identified as addicted to marijuana to quit. Marijuana addiction, contrary to popular belief, is absolutely a real thing, complete with withdrawal symptoms and both physical and psychological discomfort, <a href="https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/marijuana-addictive" target="_blank">according to the National Institute of Health</a>. Curran's test encompassed a four-week treatment including different doses of CBD as well as a placebo.</p><p>The sample size, at 82, is small, but her work lines up with what other researchers have found about CBD. One of the doses of CBD seemed to help dramatically with those seeking to quit marijuana. Those given that dose showed a reduced quantity of marijuana used. CBD has been previously indicated to sort of counterbalance the THC in marijuana, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3797438/" target="_blank">in laboratory settings</a>.</p><p>But the key part here is the dosage. Curran tested at zero mg of CBD (the placebo), as well as 200mg, 400mg, and 800mg. The zero and 200mg doses had no effect whatsoever. The 400mg was that goldilocks zone, the most effective dose that showed those doubled marijuana-free days, and the 800mg was found to be slightly less effective than the 400mg. This lines up with <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30328956" target="_blank">other research</a>, in which a few hundred mg have been indicated to be the most effective for treating, for example, anxiety.</p><p>It's also worth noting that the standard dose of CBD that you might get in gummies, coffees, and tinctures is around 20mg at most, which would do, according to this research, nothing at all. But it's an extremely promising bit of research, <a href="https://entheonation.com/blog/want-quit-smoking-study-says-cbd-cannabis-oil-can-help/" target="_blank">following Curran's previous work</a> showing that CBD can help with nicotine addiction. Given the effective doses, our farmers will have to grow a lot more industrial hemp.</p>
<p> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2019/10/can-cbd-help-you-quit-smoking/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Modern Farmer</a>.</em><em></em></p>
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R.Tsubin / Moment / Getty Images
By Dan Nosowitz
With industrial hemp becoming federally legal thanks to the 2018 Farm Bill, research has had to work hard to catch up after decades of prohibition.
<p>A vital part of creating a thorough picture of any crop is research institutions. Industrial hemp, not having been federally legal, had only scattered, minor ones — labs with special exemptions, that kind of thing. This week, New York Sen. Chuck Schumer announced $500,000 in federal funding for a major hemp research facility: <a href="http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/08/schumer-announces-funding-hemp-seed-bank-cornell" target="_blank">the country's first hemp seed bank</a>.</p>
<p>Seed banks are a vital part of modern agriculture. They are, at their core, repositories of as many of the different varieties and strains of plants as can be found — libraries, of sorts. But they're not mere hoarder stashes. Seed banks are essential resources for research. Without a properly stored and annotated selection of seeds, breeding becomes unpredictable and random. If a farmer or lab wants to create a plant with specific abilities (say, drought resistance, or tolerance of salty soil, or extra-large leaves), seed banks provide the raw material, with data explaining the origins and specifics of each seed.</p><p>Industrial hemp is fairly easy to grow, but in large part, it hasn't been grown in large enough quantities in the U.S. for farmers to know all that much about it. How does it react to certain pests? Certain pesticides? How does it grow with other crops?</p><p>It's also worth noting that industrial hemp is seen as a savior for many farmers, a wonder-crop. It grows in many different environments—Schumer wants to create an industry in chilly upstate New York, and <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2019/03/kentucky-is-hoping-to-become-the-california-of-hemp/" target="_blank">rocky Appalachian Kentucky</a> is already one of the bigger producers — and yet could command huge prices. CBD, a controversial extract <a href="https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/11/1/18024806/cbd-oil-vape-hemp" target="_blank">about which little is known</a> but much is claimed, is mostly isolated from industrial hemp. And CBD is a <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/24/newly-legalized-hemp-industry-set-to-create-a-jobs-boom-in-the-us.html" target="_blank">billion-dollar industry</a>, and growing fast.</p><p>The seed bank will, at least in Schumer's hopes, establish New York as a center of industrial hemp research. It'll be a collaboration between the USDA's research arm and Cornell University, and located in Geneva, New York.</p>
<p> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://modernfarmer.com/2019/08/the-nations-first-hemp-seed-bank-will-be-in-new-york/" target="_blank">Modern Farmer</a>.</em><em></em></p>Related Articles Around the Web
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CBDfx
Maybe you've been hearing a lot about CBD lately. But what is it? What can it do for you? And why is CBD from CBDfx so outstanding?
<p>To start with, cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the substances that can be extracted from the cannabis plant. People inhale CBD vapor for a variety of reasons. Many people anecdotally report that CBD reduces anxiety and eases pain. According to some studies, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5938896/" target="_blank">it may improve focus</a>. In general, users report that CBD use simply makes you feel more cheerful and more relaxed.</p><p>CBD vaping is a relatively new way to take in this compound. The vaping system, a wonder of modern technology, uses an electronic device to produce a harmless vapor that's much smoother than smoke.</p><p>In addition, with CBD vaping, you have a choice of various flavors besides the natural taste of the plant. Indeed, thousands of flavored liquids are now available — the choices are endless! Once you've found a taste and aroma that you enjoy, you'll appreciate the CBD experience even more.</p><p>CBD vaping offers a wide range of potential medical benefits, according to modern research. It may <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828614/" target="_blank">reduce inflammation</a>, and it can <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4151231/" target="_blank">lessen the effects of skin problems like acne</a>. Many users report that it can reduce nausea and limit vomiting as well. In higher dosages, CBD can possibly even be used to treat <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5569602/" target="_blank">epilepsy and severe mental disorders</a> such as schizophrenia.</p><p>Based on exciting new research, it appears that CBD may play a role in the future treatment of several different health conditions. That's excellent news, and it explains why so many people are getting ahead of the trend and starting to use CBD now while also keeping an eye on the latest scientific developments.</p><p>However, with this type of vaping, there are a couple of basic safety tips to keep in mind. First, you should find an electronic device that isn't prone to overheating. And, second, you should only use CBD with a nontoxic flavoring liquid. Don't worry: if you're sourcing your CBD and vaping equipment from a reputable company, this should be no problem.</p><p><br/></p>
CBD Side Effects vs. Pharmaceutical Side Effects
<p>In some cases, CBD users will experience such mild <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476" target="_blank">side effects</a> as tiredness, moodiness and nausea. However, when present, those side effects tend to be very <a href="https://www.thestreet.com/lifestyle/what-are-the-side-effects-of-cbd-oil--14933788" target="_blank">moderate</a> at worst. And many people have no problem whatsoever <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700" target="_blank">tolerating</a> this substance.</p><p>By contrast, <a href="https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196135.php" target="_blank">pharmaceutical side effects</a> can sometimes be acute. They include dizziness, headaches and muscle pains, nausea and vomiting, insomnia, rashes, diarrhea, dehydration, blurry vision, constipation and weight gain.</p><p>In particular, the <a href="https://www.epilepsy.org.au/strong-foundations/how-epilepsy-can-affect-learning/side-effects-of-antiepileptic-medications/" target="_blank">side effects of epileptic drugs</a> can be severe. Depression, confusion and memory loss, weight loss, fatigue, vertigo, tremors, slurred speech, angry outbursts and hair loss are among them. CBD offers a huge beacon of hope to people who have had a difficult time tolerating their existing epilepsy treatment.</p><p>What's more, consider these facts about the safety of CBD:</p><ul><li>It's classified as nontoxic.</li><li>It's not intoxicating.</li><li>It doesn't raise a person's blood pressure or heart rate.</li><li>It doesn't lead to psychological problems.</li><li>You almost certainly won't get addicted to CBD, even if you were to use it on a regular basis and in high doses.</li><li>It appears that people are <a href="https://www.marieclaire.com/health-fitness/a26933414/cbd-everything-you-need-to-know/" target="_blank">unable to overdose </a>on CBD.</li></ul><p>Of course, medical experts will continue to investigate CBD. But, so far, the results of formal studies have been extremely promising. Again and again, researchers have confirmed this substance's excellent potential and minimal side effects.</p>CBD Vape Juice by CBDfx
<p>At CBDfx, our top-notch <a href="https://cbdfx.com/collections/cbd-vape-pens/" target="_blank">CBD vape pens</a> come with enticing flavors, including strawberry lemonade and fresh mint. And every aspect of our CBD is organic; there's no artificial flavoring here.</p><p>These pens are simple to operate. You don't even have to charge them. Instead, as soon as you buy one, you can pull it out of its packaging and start using it on the spot. Plus, you can carry it with you wherever you go, and no one will realize that you have this item with you.</p><p>Then, after you've enjoyed all of the CBD that it contains, you can just throw this vape pen away and move on to the next one.</p><p>Our medium-strength pens contain 50 mg of CBD, and they supply users with a strong concentration of <a href="https://www.besthealthmag.ca/best-you/wellness/health-benefits-of-terpenes/" target="_blank">terpenes</a> as well. Terpenes are hydrocarbons that come from certain kinds of plants, including citrus plants. And they offer health benefits of their own. To name just a few, they may potentially fight tumors, ease inflammation, and even relieve pain. They may help to prevent seizures, too.</p><p>On top of that, when you take in CBD and terpenes at the same time, those two compounds likely magnify each other's benefits. Together, they're more than the sum of their parts. That's a phenomenon known as the "entourage effect," a hot subject of current research.</p><p>Last but not least, our CBD comes to us via the ultra-clean CO2 extraction method. This technique uses liquefied carbon dioxide to dissolve plant matter. When CBD is sourced in this way, the resulting product is especially pure.</p>Conclusion
<p>In sum, as long as it comes from a trustworthy source, CBD is a safe and convenient product to use. And CBDfx is exactly the trustworthy source you've been looking for. CBDfx even makes laboratory batch reports publicly available on their website, so you can see exactly what's inside the product you're taking.</p><p>Indeed, it's fun to vape CBD alone or with friends. With or without flavoring, its taste is delightful!</p><p>Above all, CBD holds great promise for people's physical and psychological well-being, in the short term and over the long haul. If this sounds good to you, CBD vaping could become a key component of a healthy and happy lifestyle.</p>
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CBD lemonade and CBD ciders in the Erewhon store in Venice, California. Irma Omerhodzic
By Rachael Link, MS, RD
Cannabidiol (CBD) oil is a popular product that has garnered increasing attention over the past few years.
<p>Health shops have begun carrying CBD-infused capsules, gummies, vapes, and more.</p><p>CBD water has also become widely available recently, drawing praise and criticism.</p><p>This article examines CBD water to help you determine whether it's worth buying.</p>
<p> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/cbd-water" target="_blank">Healthline</a>.</em><em></em></p>
What Is CBD Water?
<p>CBD is a chemical compound found in the cannabis plant.</p><p>Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD is not psychoactive. Thus, it doesn't produce the same high that's associated with THC or marijuana (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425762/" target="_blank">1Trusted Source</a>).</p><p>CBD has been well studied for its medicinal properties. Research suggests it may relieve chronic pain and help <a href="https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/16-ways-relieve-stress-anxiety" target="_blank">reduce anxiety</a> and inflammation (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079847/" target="_blank">2Trusted Source</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828614/" target="_blank">3Trusted Source</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5922297/" target="_blank">4Trusted Source</a>).</p><p>You can now buy a variety of CBD products, including oils, capsules, and gummies, among other edibles.</p><p>CBD water, which is made by infusing water with CBD particles, is one of the newest forms to hit the market.</p><p>Manufacturers claim that drinking it can be an easy way to get your CBD fix and reap its potential health benefits.</p><p><strong>Summary</strong></p><p><strong></strong>CBD is a compound found in marijuana that has been associated with many health benefits. CBD-infused water is now available, alongside an array of other CBD products, including oils, gummies, and capsules.</p>CBD Water Contains Minimal Amounts of CBD
<p>One of the main problems with CBD water is that most brands contain very little CBD.</p><p>The amount in each serving fluctuates by brand, but most provide around 2–5 mg.</p><p>Although dosage recommendations can vary, most studies evaluating this compound's beneficial effects have used doses of at least 15 mg per day (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3763649/" target="_blank">5Trusted Source</a>).</p><p>Many companies justify their products' low CBD content by claiming that they use nanotechnology to decrease particle size and boost your body's ability to absorb and utilize CBD.</p><p>Research on the effects of nanotechnology on CBD absorption is limited. However, one study found that lipid-based CBD nanoparticles may be better absorbed by your body (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25996463" target="_blank">6Trusted Source</a>).</p><p>More studies are needed to determine whether using nanoparticles in CBD water has any effect on absorption.</p><p><strong>Summary</strong></p><p><strong></strong>CBD water usually contains low doses of CBD. Many brands claim to use nanotechnology to increase absorption, but it's unclear whether this it's effective.</p>Light and Air Degrade CBD
<p>CBD is a highly unstable compound that requires careful preparation and storage to help preserve its medicinal properties.</p><p>In particular, exposure to light and air can cause it to break down, negating its potential beneficial effects.</p><p>Most CBD water is stored on grocery shelves under bright lights in clear containers for days or even weeks, degrading its CBD content.</p><p>One study evaluated the effects of certain storage conditions on cannabinoids and found that exposure to light caused the greatest loss of CBD (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6643" target="_blank">7Trusted Source</a>).</p><p>Temperature had no effect, but exposure to air also led to significant losses in cannabinoid content. Therefore, as soon as you open CBD water, the little CBD it contains immediately begins to break down (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6643" target="_blank">7Trusted Source</a>).</p><p>Although more studies are needed, these findings suggest that CBD water is unlikely to have much of a medicinal impact.</p><p><strong>Summary</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Light and air can cause CBD to break down, negating its potential health benefits. CBD water is often sold in clear bottles, so the CBD inside may have already broken down significantly by the time you drink it.</p>CBD Water Is Expensive
<p>If you're looking to try CBD, drinking CBD water is one of the most expensive routes to take.</p><p>A single 16-ounce (473-ml) serving can cost around $4–7 USD, excluding tax and shipping.</p><p>Buying in bulk can help you save money, but each bottle still comes out to at least $3 USD.</p><p>This is significantly more pricey than other forms of CBD.</p><p>For example, <a href="https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/cbd-oil-benefits" target="_blank">CBD oil</a> typically costs around $35–40 for about 30 servings, which equates to less than $2 per serving.</p><p>CBD capsules, gummies, vapes, and creams can also provide a good amount of CBD for a lower cost per serving.</p><p><strong>Summary</strong></p><p><strong></strong>CBD water is more expensive than other forms of CBD, including capsules, gummies, vapes, and creams.</p>Should You Drink CBD Water?
<p>CBD may offer various benefits, but CBD water contains minimal amounts.</p><p>Also, it's more expensive and likely less effective than most other CBD products.</p><p>In fact, given that this compound loses its medicinal properties when exposed to air or light, CBD water is unlikely to provide any benefits at all.</p><p>It's best to stick to other CBD products to take advantage of its medicinal properties.</p><p>CBD oil, capsules, gummies, and other edibles that come in dark-colored bottles are convenient and more cost-effective alternatives to CBD water.</p>
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Healthline
By Kristi Pahr
The importance of a good night's sleep can't be overstated. So often, we stay up late trying to milk the day for as much time as we can get — then wake up early feeling tired and bleary. Or we toss and turn in bed, replaying the events of the day or the week or the month, our brains cranked up until midnight while our bodies lay there exhausted.
<p>Study after study has shown the importance of regular, restful sleep as part of a healthy lifestyle. Sleep deficiencies can affect everything from brain health and cognition to immune function and mental health.</p><p>Fortunately, choices for improving sleep have evolved over the years. Taking sedatives or antihistamines that leave you feeling groggy are far from the only — or healthiest — choices. Sleep seekers have turned to meditation, yoga, hot baths, and herbal supplements in the quest to ensure some solid shut-eye.</p><p>And now, another option has entered the sleep space: CBD.</p>
<p><em>Even if marijuana is legal in your state, it continues to be illegal under federal law. While there are some claims that CBD derived from hemp, rather than a cannabis plant, is legal in all 50 states, other <a href="https://www.leafly.com/news/politics/cbd-oil-legal-depends-ask" target="_blank">reports</a> point out legality isn't so straightforward. We suggest <a href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx" target="_blank">checking your state's laws</a> regarding CBD oil.</em></p><p><em>Medically reviewed by <a href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team" target="_blank">Carissa Stephens, RN, CCRN, CPN</a>.</em></p><p><em> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/CBD-recipe-for-sleep" target="_blank">Healthline</a>.</em><em></em></em></p>
CBD to the Rescue
<p>Chances are by now you've heard about <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/your-cbd-guide#1" target="_blank">cannabidiol (CBD)</a>, the non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis. It's made its way to the forefront of the wellness movement.</p><p><span></span>Initial research shows that CBD, which doesn't get you high, can be useful in the <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cbd-oil-benefits" target="_blank">treatment</a> of a number of conditions, including:</p><ul><li>anxiety</li><li>depression</li><li>chronic pain</li><li>inflammation</li><li>skin conditions, such as eczema</li><li>some seizure disorders</li></ul><p>Good news for you: It can also improve sleep. CBD taken at least an hour before bed <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28349316" target="_blank">can improve insomnia</a> and promote a restful night's sleep.</p>CBD Sleep Cocktail
<p>Writer and CBD expert <a href="http://honestcbdreviews.com/" target="_blank">Gabriel Aly</a> takes CBD every night before bed mixed into a tasty and simple juice cocktail containing tart cherries — a natural source of melatonin — and valerian root, which has been used historically to promote sleep.</p><h3>Ingredients</h3><ul><li>1 cup tart cherry juice</li><li>1 cup white grape juice</li><li>1/2 dropper valerian root tincture</li><li>Preferred dose of CBD oil</li></ul><h3>Directions</h3><ol><li>Simply mix all ingredients.</li><li>Enjoy before bed.</li></ol>Gabriel’s Favorite CBD Oils
<ul> <li>One of the most potent full-spectrum oils I've tried came from a company called <a target="_blank" href="https://terravidaonline.com/">TerraVida</a>.</li></ul><ul> <li>Another company I love is <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lazarusnaturals.com/">Lazarus Naturals</a>. They use an alcohol extraction method and focus on quality control. Their prices are amazing and they offer 60 percent off to veterans, people with long-term disabilities, and people from low-income households.</li></ul><ul><li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.thecbdistillery.com/">CBDistillery</a> is another well-known company that sells both full-spectrum and CBD isolate oils. Their CBD is extracted through the CO2 extraction method and they also use hemp sourced in the US.</li></ul>More CBD Recipes
<p>If you're interested in sampling more CBD recipes, this <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/cbd-oil-smoothie-pain-recipe#1" target="_blank">mango smoothie</a> is designed to help alleviate pain and this <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/delicious-cbd-coffee-espresso-recipe#1" target="_blank">peppermint chocolate espresso</a> incorporates CBD as a way to balance out coffee jitters.</p>From Your Site Articles
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Soothe Your Pain With This Mango CBD Oil Smoothie
Best 3 Recommended CBD Oils
17 February 2019
Health + Wellness
Manuta / Getty Images
By Kristi Pahr
This could be the delicious anti-inflammatory treat you've been looking for.
<p><br/></p>
<p><em>Even if marijuana is legal in your state, it continues to be illegal under federal law. While there are some claims that CBD derived from hemp (rather than a cannabis plant) is legal in all 50 states, other </em><a href="https://www.leafly.com/news/politics/cbd-oil-legal-depends-ask" target="_blank"><em>reports</em></a><em> point out legality isn't so straightforward. We suggest </em><a href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx" target="_blank"><em>checking your state's laws</em></a><em> regarding CBD oil.</em></p><p class=""><em><em>Kristi is a freelance writer and mother who spends most of her time caring for people other than herself. She's frequently exhausted and compensates with an intense caffeine addiction. Find her on</em><a href="https://twitter.com/kristipahr?lang=en" target="_blank"><em> Twitter</em></a><em>.</em></em></p><p><em><em> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/cbd-oil-smoothie-pain-recip" target="_blank">Healthline</a>.</em><em></em></em></em></p>
Cannabis and Pain
<p>For more than <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6736a2.htm" target="_blank">20 percent of Americans</a>, chronic pain is part of daily life. Many <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health-news/america-is-losing-the-war-on-chronic-pain" target="_blank">aren't getting the relief</a> they need.</p><p>Pain treatments have been typically limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid medications, which carry the risk of addiction. Both have risks of side effects. With opioids frequently in the headlines, many people with chronic pain can't get access to the medication they depend on to get through the day without intense pain.</p><p>As a possible alternative to long-term opioid use for chronic pain, many people are turning to cannabis. Cannabis has a long history of medical use and is especially effective in the treatment of pain.</p><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/your-cbd-guide" target="_blank">Cannabidiol (CBD)</a> has gained mainstream attention for its effectiveness in treating a number of conditions including pain, both acute and chronic.</p><p><strong>Combining CBD and THC</strong></p><p><strong></strong>In states where medical marijuana is legal, a combination of CBD and THC can be used for pain to great effect, and is more potent than when CBD is used alone. The complementary nature of the compounds is known as the entourage effect.</p>Best 3 Recommended CBD Oils
<p>If medical marijuana isn't available legally in your state, you might still be able to find relief from chronic or acute pain by using hemp-derived CBD.</p><p><span></span>CBD extracts are available in multiple forms, but the most popular is an oil base. CBD oils can be mixed into many different recipes for ingestion or added to lotions, massage oils, or balms at different concentrations to match your need.</p><p>Below are CBD oils recommended by <a href="https://www.green-flower.com/" target="_blank">Green Flower Media</a> and <a href="https://www.cannainsider.com/" target="_blank">CannaInsider</a>:</p><ul> <li><a href="https://www.cwhemp.com/cannabinoid-hemp-oil-cbd-supplement-everyday" target="_blank">Charlotte's Web Hemp Oil</a></li><li><a href="https://nuleafnaturals.com/product/240mg-full-spectrum-cbd-oil-high-grade-hemp-extract/" target="_blank">NuLeaf Naturals Full Spectrum CBD Oil</a></li><li><a href="https://medterracbd.com/product-cbd-tincture.asp" target="_blank">Medterra MedOil CBD Tinctures</a></li></ul><p><span></span></p>CBD Mango Smoothie Recipe for Pain Relief
<p>Author and cannabis advocate <a href="https://www.posyandkettle.com/" target="_blank">Sandra Hinchcliffe</a> shares a favorite smoothie recipe from her forthcoming book "<a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1510743685?tag=simonsayscom" target="_blank">CBD Every Day</a>."</p><p><span></span>CBD oil is mixed with mango and orange juice for a refreshing drink to ease your aches and pains.</p><p>Research has shown that mango can heighten the effects of cannabinoids because they share a compound called myrcene which is a terpene found in both cannabis and mango.</p><p>The result? A more effective, longer-lasting experience.</p><p>Citrus fruits also contain a large quantity of antioxidants, giving them anti-inflammatory properties. That makes this smoothie the perfect vehicle for your pain-relieving CBD oil dose.</p><p><strong>Sandra's Mango Canna-Booster Smoothie</strong></p><p>Serves: 2 smoothies (8 oz each)</p><p><strong>Ingredients</strong></p><ul><li>1 cup fresh-squeezed blood orange juice, room temperature (you can substitute any fresh-squeezed orange juice)</li><li>⅓ cup fresh coconut milk</li><li>Preferred or specific dose of CBD oil</li><li>2 large or 3 medium mangoes, sliced and partially frozen</li><li>½ cup ice</li></ul><p><strong>Directions</strong></p><ol><li>To a blender, add the orange juice, coconut milk, and CBD oil. Blend until creamy.</li><li>Add the frozen mango and ice into the blender. Blend until icy and creamy.</li><li>Serve immediately. Enjoy!</li></ol>
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HighGradeRoots / iStock / Getty Images
By Jenny Wilkerson and Lance McMahon
Cannabidiol or CBD, has become a household name. On many social media sites, people suggest "but have you tried CBD oil?" on posts pertaining to any health-related issue.
<p>
CBD, a minor constituent of marijuana, is widely touted as <a href="https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/what-are-the-effects-of-cbd" target="_blank">nature's miracle by CBD enthusiasts</a>. It does not get people high, unlike marijuana's main constituent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, given the recent surge in its popularity, you'd think the molecule is magic.
</p><p>
We are behavioral pharmacology scientists, and we study how drugs act on the body. Specifically, we have an interest in developing <a href="https://addictionresearch.health.ufl.edu/faculty/jenny-l-wilkerson-ph-d/" target="_blank">new drugs for the treatment of pain</a> that possess lessened drug abuse potential, and <a href="https://addictionresearch.health.ufl.edu/faculty/lance-mcmahon/" target="_blank">therapeutic interventions for drug abuse</a>. Although there is scientific interest in the use of CBD for both pain and drug addiction, as well as many other medical indications, there is a lot that we still do not know about CBD.
</p><h2>CBD and THC: How Do They Work?</h2><p>
Drugs affect the body by binding and acting at various protein molecules, usually on the surface of the cells in the body, called receptors. These receptors then send signals that can impact bodily functions.
</p><p>
Marijuana has an effect on the body because many animals have receptors termed "cannabinoid receptors." There are two known cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for the effects of marijuana. Only one of them, the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), is responsible for the high from marijuana. These cannabinoid receptors are predominately found on nerve cells located throughout the body, including the brain.
</p><p>
CBD doesn't get people high because CBD does not <a href="http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/34/5/605.long" target="_blank">bind or act on CB1R</a>. CBD also does not bind or act on the other cannabinoid receptor, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442754" target="_blank">the cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), predominately found on immune cells</a>. In contrast, THC binds and activates both of these receptors.
</p><p>
Studies indicate that CBD does, however, act on several other types of receptors. These include the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, which can help regulate <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079201901741" target="_blank">sleep</a>, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-010-2097-z" target="_blank">mood</a>, <a href="https://www.pnas.org/content/95/18/10734.short" target="_blank">anxiety</a> and <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1385/MN:30:2:117" target="_blank">pain</a>. CBD may also indirectly alter the body's own cannabinoid receptor activity.
</p><p>
However, scientists do not yet understand the exact manner in which CBD acts on the body. Likewise, many health-related anecdotal claims pertaining to CBD are not founded on solid scientific evidence, and may be due to well-documented <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/mental-health/the-power-of-the-placebo-effect" target="_blank">placebo effects</a>.
</p><p>
There is strong evidence, however, that CBD has enduring health benefits in the treatment of intractable epilepsy.
</p><h2>Charlotte's Web</h2><p>
It has been nearly six years since <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/07/health/charlotte-child-medical-marijuana/index.html" target="_blank">the story of the Charlotte's Web strain of marijuana</a> broke into national and international media. This strain of marijuana was named after Charlotte Figi, who struggled with intractable pediatric epilepsy until she was given oil extracted from the strain, which contains a higher CBD-to-THC content.
</p><p>
Charlotte's father saw an online video of a child from California with seizures who was being treated successfully with marijuana. As it turns out, the active compound that was helping Charlotte was not THC but CBD.
</p><p>
Based upon clinical evidence, GW Pharmaceuticals developed and licensed its own CBD extract, a drug now called Epidiolex. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673618301363?via%3Dihub" target="_blank">Clinical trials</a> with Epidiolex for the indications of Dravet syndrome and Lennox Gastaut syndrome, two forms of pediatric epilepsy, were resoundingly positive.
</p><p>
In June 2018, the Food and Drug Administration approved Epidiolex for treatment of these two forms of epilepsy in children that have not responded to other treatments.
</p><p>
Meanwhile, as the clinical trials for Epidiolex were underway, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/139/8/2164/1753701" target="_blank">a landmark study from Indiana University</a> demonstrated a possible mechanism for CBD's astounding effects on Dravet and Lennox Gastaut syndromes. These two syndromes are associated with genetic mutations in two genes that are important in the regulation of sodium ions.
</p><h2>A Specific Understanding</h2><p>
Nerve cells regulate the way they send signals by how ions, or molecules with either an overall positive or negative electric charge, flow in and out of their cells. The most common ions that regulate nerve cell signaling are sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride. These ions move in and out of the cell via pores known as ion channels.
</p><p>
In many forms of epilepsy, however, the movement of ions is not properly controlled. This leads to aberrant firing of the brain's nerve cells and seizure activity.
</p><p>
In both forms of the epilepsy for which CBD is effective, there are alterations in the channels that control the flow of sodium in and out of nerve cells, or what is called a "sodium channelopathy."
</p><p>
The study from Indiana University found that CBD can directly inhibit the aberrant flow of sodium ions in nerve cells that have sodium channelopathies. Importantly, CBD does not seem to impact the flow of sodium in healthy nerve cells.
</p><p>
Although CBD has marked effects on these sodium channelopathies, this does not mean that CBD will produce meaningful benefits to other forms of epilepsy.
</p><p>
Other forms of epilepsy are linked to regulation problems related to the flow of <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5733250/" target="_blank">potassium ions</a> in cells. This type of pediatric epilepsy is resistant to all known therapeutics, including CBD.
</p><h2>A Potential Pain Therapeutic?</h2><p>
There are also claims that CBD can be used to address pain. And indeed, mounting evidence in pre-clinical laboratory studies show that CBD may be of use for the treatment and prevention of neuropathic pain, or an amplified response that may be due to nerve cell damage. In a mouse model of this type of pain, CBD injections <a href="https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.12439" target="_blank">prevented</a> and <a href="https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/bph.13887" target="_blank">reversed the development of one hallmark sign of neuropathic pain</a>, called <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4281368/" target="_blank">mechanical allodynia</a>. This is the sensation of pain due to a non-noxious stimulus, such as the feeling of clothing on an area of skin that has a sunburn. A new study from McGill University in Montreal, Canada, shows that <a href="https://journals.lww.com/pain/fulltext/2019/01000/Cannabidiol_modulates_serotonergic_transmission.16.aspx" target="_blank">oral administration of CBD</a> produces these same effects in rats with a similar type of pain.
</p><p>
In both of these studies, the scientists discovered that these effects are likely due to actions at serotonin receptors. A study from scientists at the University of Kentucky suggested that CBD applied to the skin, or <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4851925/" target="_blank">transdermal CBD, may reduce inflammation in a rat model of arthritis</a>.
</p><p>
However, additional studies from the laboratory at Temple University show that <a href="https://journals.lww.com/behaviouralpharm/Abstract/2015/04000/Distinct_interactions_of_cannabidiol_and_morphine.7.aspx" target="_blank">CBD does not work for all types of pain when tested in animals</a>.
</p><p>
An important caveat to these findings is that not all compounds that produce effects in rodent pain studies will work in humans. Further, most of these studies examined the effects of injected CBD. So far, there is little evidence showing therapeutic effects of either edible or transmucosal, the administration of a drug across a mucous membrane, CBD for pain. There is only limited evidence for the use of transdermal CBD. Thus, until more scientific studies are conducted, the hype that CBD can successfully treat various forms of pain in humans is premature.
</p><h2>CBD: Beyond the Laboratory</h2><p>
Still curious about all the hype? Before running to the local supermarket health food isle to purchase CBD to conduct your own at-home trial, there are a few more points to consider.
</p><p>
Most CBD products sold in grocery stores are touted as "hemp-derived." That is, they come from a cannabis plant that has a purportedly extremely low amount of THC. Typically, hemp-derived products are made from the stalks and roots of the plant. This is in contrast to marijuana, which can contain varying amounts of THC and comes from the flowers of the cannabis plant. Recently, hemp-derived products were removed from the Controlled Substances Act.
</p><p>
However, it remains unclear if hemp-derived CBD works in the same exact manner as marijuana-derived CBD. Further, the FDA does not approve of CBD products as dietary supplements, or the marketing of any health-related claims. Also, the agency prohibits the addition of either THC or CBD to food products sold in <a href="https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm421168.htm" target="_blank">interstate commerce for human or animal consumption</a>.
</p><p>
As long as there are no associated medical claims, the FDA allows the use of hemp oil and seeds in cosmetics. However, the usefulness of hemp products in cosmetics also remains to be determined.
</p><p>
Further, as many of the items on the supermarket shelf are not approved by the FDA, there is limited oversight into their production, and <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5818782/" target="_blank">the amount of CBD, if any, that these products contain are often mislabeled or misleading</a>. Thus, it is too soon to say if CBD is truly a rising star, or merely a fad that will burn out and fall to Earth.
</p><p>
<em>Editor's note: This article has been updated to correct the name of the company, GW Pharmaceuticals, that developed Epidiolex.</em>
</p><p>
<em></em> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate </em><em><a href="https://theconversation.com/cannabidiol-rising-star-or-popular-fad-110146" target="_blank">The Conversation</a></em><em>.</em>
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OlegMalyshev / iStock / Getty Images
This sponsored post was brought to you by Authority Health and written by Barrett Jones, PharmD
Cannabis oil is quickly gaining momentum in the health industry as it has become an appealing option for people who are looking for relief from pain and from other health issues.
In this article, we will be looking at what scientific studies show when it comes to how cannabis oil might treat a wide variety of common ailments.
<p>The following health benefits have been reported when using cannabis oil and are also backed by scientific research:</p><p><strong>Cannabis Oil Can Relieve Pain</strong></p><p>Marijuana has been used to treat pain for many years. Recently, it has also been discovered that cannabis oil (CBD), which is a certain component of marijuana, also has pain-relieving properties.</p><p>The endocannabinoid system (ECS) within the human body helps to regulate many important functions such as immune system response, pain, appetite and sleep. The body produces neurotransmitters or endocannabinoids which bind to cannabinoid receptors in the nervous system. It has been shown that CBD will reduce pain as it impacts the endocannabinoid receptor activity, interacts with neurotransmitters and reduces inflammation. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5478794/" target="_blank">Research shows</a> that CBD injections reduce the pain of surgical incision in rats and that it also reduces inflammation and nerve pain. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25699191" target="_blank">Humans studies showed</a> that it is also effective in treating the pain of arthritis and multiple sclerosis sufferers.</p><p>If you want to read a bit more about whether cannabis oil is the right choice for managing your pain, go to <a href="https://www.authorityhealth.com/" target="_blank">Authority Health</a> to find out about the different natural ways to help alleviate pain. </p><p><strong>It Reduces Depression And Anxiety</strong></p><p>Depression and anxiety can have catastrophic impacts on your well-being and health and even though these disorders are usually treated with pharmaceutical drugs, they often cause many side effects such as headaches, insomnia, agitation, and drowsiness. </p><p>Many people who live with anxiety and depression have become interested in cannabis oil's natural approach as it has shown to treat these disorders without the side effects experienced when using other conventional drugs. It has been shown that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079847/" target="_blank">CBD reduces anxiety</a>, speech performance and cognitive impairment. This is because CBD is believed to act on the receptors of the brain for serotonin (the neurotransmitter that regulates social behavior and mood). </p><p><a href="https://www.everydayhealth.com/news/cheap-natural-quick-anxiety-remedies/" target="_blank">Read more</a> about how to tame your anxiety without a visit to the doctor's office or without the use of medication.</p><p><strong>It Can Reduce Cancer-Related Symptoms</strong></p><p>Not only can CBD reduce cancer-related symptoms, but it can also <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983116" target="_blank">reduce negative side effects of cancer treatment</a> such as pain, vomiting and nausea. Some studies even found that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566064" target="_blank">CBD may have anticancer properties</a> as it induces cell death in breast cancer cells in humans. However, these are animal studies and test tube studies which means that it is not certain yet whether it will also be effective in humans. </p><p><strong>CBD Reduces Acne</strong></p><p>Acne is believed to be caused by many different factors such as the overproduction of sebum, underlying inflammation, bacteria, genetics and more. Due to CBD's ability to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27094344" target="_blank">reduce the production of sebum</a> and because of its <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061872" target="_blank">anti-inflammatory properties</a>, it will be able to help treat acne. </p><p><strong>It Is Good For Brain Health</strong></p><p>It is said that CBD may provide some benefits for those who have neurological disorders, such as <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269" target="_blank">multiple sclerosis</a> and epilepsy. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525548" target="_blank">Studies have found</a> that cannabis oil can reduce spasms in up to 75% of multiple sclerosis sufferers. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26724101" target="_blank">Another study</a> gave people with epilepsy CBD oil after which their seizures reduced by 36.5%.</p><p>It has <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24845114" target="_blank">also been shown</a> that CBD treatment improved the sleep quality and quality of life for patients with Parkinson's disease. </p><p><strong>It Is Good For Your Heart </strong></p><p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5470879/" target="_blank">Research shows</a> that CBD has been linked to many benefits for the circulatory system as well as for the heart. This includes the ability to lower blood pressure (which is linked to many health conditions such as metabolic syndrome, heart attack and stroke).</p><p>It might be because of CBD's ability to lower blood pressure that it is also effective at reducing anxiety and stress. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026637/" target="_blank">Animal studies</a> have also shown that CBD may reduce cell death and inflammation associated with heart disease because of its powerful stress-reducing and antioxidant properties. </p><p><strong>More Potential Benefits</strong></p><p>CBD is believed to provide benefits for the following conditions as well, although more studies are needed:</p> <ul class="ee-ul"> <li><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25667194" target="_blank">CBD may help people with mental disorders</a> such as schizophrenia as it reduces antipsychotic symptoms.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>It can be used as substance abuse treatment as it has been shown to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4444130/" target="_blank">modify brain circuits related to addiction</a>. It has further been shown to reduce heroin-seeking and morphine dependence behavior in rats.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>In animal studies and test-tube studies, it has been shown that <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25916739" target="_blank">CBD has anti-tumor effects</a>. It has also been shown to prevent the spread of lung, colon, brain, prostate and breast cancer in animals.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Treatment with CBD has the potential to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698671" target="_blank">reduce diabetes by 56%</a> and it also reduced inflammation. It, therefore, acts as an excellent diabetes prevention method.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Are There Any Side Effects?</strong></p><p>CBD may cause some negative side effects in some people, even though it is considered safe and generally well tolerated. The following side effects have been noted or reported:</p> <ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Fatigue</li> <li>Changes in appetite</li> <li>Diarrhea</li> </ul> <p>It is also important to note that CBD does interact with a variety of medications and it is, therefore, essential to discuss the fact that you take it with your doctor to ensure that you are safe and to avoid any possible interactions. </p><p><strong>What It All Comes Down To</strong></p><p>Studies have shown that CBD oil can be effective in treating many health issues such as heart disease, depression, anxiety, acne, mental health disorders, substance abuse treatment and diabetes. It has even been shown to have anti-tumor effects and that it might be a natural alternative for pain relief and the treatment of cancer. </p><p>Even though research is quite new, the research of potential benefits of CBD is still ongoing and the chance is, therefore, good that new therapeutic uses will soon be discovered. </p><p>It seems like CBD is relatively safe to use with minor side effects reported by some. It is a powerful and safe natural treatment which might reduce symptoms for many health-related issues. <br></p><p><em><em>Barrett Jones </em>is a clinical pharmacologist who studied at Baylor College of Medicine, Texas. He currently works in a chemistry laboratory in Columbia University (where he also lecturers occasionally) investigating how pharmaceuticals interact with our biological systems. He specializes in and is passionate about how medication used for treating ADD and ADHD may impact long-term cognitive abilities. He has written many papers and is often consulted in a number of lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies.</em><br></p><p><em>He follows a strict diet loosely based on the Keto principles and enjoys the science and chemistry behind food and preparing meals. He is an avid cyclist and cross country runner. His aspirations include only to be the best at what he does, whatever that may be.</em><br></p>
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Cannabis Oil vs. CBD Oil: Health Benefits and Legal Considerations
10 October 2018
Health + Wellness
Select Oil / Facebook
By Stephanie Garr
The topic of cannabis (marijuana) has become far less taboo in recent years, but there are still many misconceptions—and fears—about its use as a medicinal plant.
<p>Cannabis is still an illegal product in most countries and can be difficult to obtain. More importantly, it is challenging to study.</p><p>Still, an increasing amount of evidence has found it could offer significant benefits for patients with chronic pain and even cancer.</p><p>This article looks at what cannabis oil is, how it differs from <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/benefits-of-cbd-oil-2609571686.html">CBD oil</a>, and what the science is saying about its potential.</p><h2>What is Cannabis Oil?</h2><p>Cannabis oil is an extract from cannabis (marijuana) plants that contains several <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabinoid" target="_blank">cannabinoid</a> compounds that bind to receptors in the brain and body.</p><p>Cannabis is one of the world's oldest cultivated plants, with its use dating back some 8,000 years ago (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425762/#ref_000070" target="_blank">1</a>).</p><p>As of now, more than a 100 of its active compounds have been detected, but there are two that have been studied the most:</p><ul class="ee-ul"> <li>Cannabidiol (CBD): This is the active ingredient in <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/cbd-oil-benefits/" target="_blank">CBD oil</a> that has been shown to display anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"><li>Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): This is the substance in marijuana that is most known for getting you "high."</li></ul><p>While the term "cannabis oil" may be used to describe any cannabis-based oil (like CBD oil or hemp seed oil), it typically refers to the specific extract that contains all components of marijuana, including THC.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Cannabis oil is an extract from cannabis (marijuana) plants. It contains all active ingredients in the plant, including CBD and THC.<br></p><h2>Cannabis Oil vs CBD Oil ... What's The Difference?</h2><p>Unlike cannabis oil, which is typically made from marijuana with a high THC percentage (typically at least 50%), CBD oil does not contain this mind-altering compound.</p><p>In other words, CBD oil does not get you "high," but could offer some helpful benefits.</p><p>Many natural health proponents have been touting CBD oil and its potential to relieve chronic pain, reduce anxiety and <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/how-to-deal-with-major-depression/" target="_blank">depression</a>, and alleviate cancer symptoms, among several other benefits.</p><p>Because it doesn't contain THC, CBD oil is legal in all 50 states of the U.S., Canada and all of Europe (except for Slovakia).</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> Unlike cannabis oil, which is typically made from marijuana with a high THC percentage, CBD oil does not contain this mind-altering compound.<br></p><h2>Is Cannabis Oil Illegal?</h2><p>Because it contains THC, cannabis oil can only be purchased in an area where marijuana is legal or can be prescribed.</p><p>In the U.S., marijuana is legal for both recreational and medicinal use in nine states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont and Washington, along with Washington, DC.</p><p>Thirty states have legalized medical marijuana for medicinal use. These include the nine mentioned above, along with:</p><p>Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Michigan, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and West Virginia.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Since it contains THC, cannabis oil can only be purchased in areas where marijuana is legal or can be prescribed. This includes 30 U.S. states.<br></p><h2>Benefits of Cannabis Oil</h2><p>Because of its long-held status as an illegal Schedule I drug, research on cannabis has been limited.</p><p>Fortunately, a growing number of studies on cannabis have focused on its potential health benefits, mostly regarding appetite, nausea and pain.</p><p>Cannabis oil would likely offer similar benefits as CBD oil. However, it's possible that its addition of THC could provide further benefits.</p><p>THC is a pain reliever, anti-inflammatory and anti-emetic (prevents vomiting).</p><p>Using the whole marijuana plant versus part of it (like with CBD oil) could also provide extra synergetic effects. This however, is difficult to study.</p><p>There are currently a few licensed cannabis-based drugs on the market including:</p><ul class="ee-ul"> <li><strong>Dronabinol (Marinol) / Nabilone (Cesamet): </strong>Both are synthetic forms of THC used to counteract nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, and to stimulate appetite in AIDS patients.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"> <li><strong>Nabiximols (Sativex):</strong> Contains an equal amount of THC and CBD and used to relieve symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and pain in cancer patients.</li></ul><ul class="ee-ul"><li><strong>Epidiolex:</strong> A concentrated CBD oil used as an anti-seizure medication for children with epilepsy (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28188044" target="_blank">2</a>).</li></ul><h3>Cannabis Oil for Cancer</h3><p>Many cannabinoids, including THC and CBD, have shown some anti-cancer effects.</p><p>Most significantly, cannabinoids may have the ability (at least in test tube studies) to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and promote the death of cancer cells by apoptosis (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852356/" target="_blank">3</a>).</p><p>That said, while THC has shown promise in cancer studies, it's also shown the potential to suppress the immune system and <em>enhance </em>tumor growth (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10861074" target="_blank">4</a>).</p><p>Clearly, much more research needs to be done to determine how cannabinoids, at specific concentrations, may work best for cancer treatment.</p><h3>Cannabis Oil for Pain Relief</h3><p>Cannabis oil is a potent anti-inflammatory and can provide significant pain relief, likely more so than just CBD oil.</p><p>In fact, THC was shown to have 20 times the anti-inflammatory potency of aspirin and twice that of hydrocortisone (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1659702/" target="_blank">5</a>).</p><p>THC has been found to reduce pain in patients with cancer and MS, and cannabis treatment has proven effective for those with fibromyalgia (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828614/" target="_blank">6</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29461346" target="_blank">7</a>).</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Research on cannabis has been limited, but is quickly growing. Cannabis oil would likely offer similar benefits as CBD oil, but may offer even greater potential with the addition of THC, which is a proven pain reliever and anti-inflammatory.<br></p><h2>Side Effects of Cannabis Oil</h2><p>It can be difficult to obtain certified cannabis oils that provide specific concentrations and guarantee purity.</p><p>Some cannabis oils may even contain up to 75% THC (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26558460" target="_blank">8</a>).</p><p>Commercially produced cannabis oils for medical purposes are most dependable since they will have controlled concentrations of CBD and THC.</p><p>The addition of THC in cannabis oil will cause some side effects, including:</p><ul class="ee-ul"><li>The feeling of being "high"</li><li>Tiredness and fatigue</li><li>Reduced memory and learning ability</li><li>Increased heart rate</li><li>Increased appetite.</li></ul><p>It's also noteworthy to mention that CBD actually helps control the psychoactive effects of THC, so a good balance of both may be important.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>It can be difficult to know the concentrations and purity of cannabis oil products, so you will likely not know how much THC and CBD they contain. The presence of THC will cause you to feel "high," and may also lead to fatigue, reduced memory and increased appetite.<br></p><h2>How to Make Cannabis Oil</h2><p>Although cannabis oil has only started to find legal status in certain areas, plenty of people have been handcrafting their own for some time.</p><p>If you're able to obtain cannabis legally, you can easily make your own version of cannabis oil, which allows you to control the amount and type of cannabis used.</p><p>Canadian cannabis expert Rick Simpson is often cited for his groundbreaking work creating a cannabis oil, now referred to as Rick Simpson Oil or RSO.</p><p>He made his own cannabis oil to help treat his skin cancer, and has shared this <a href="http://phoenixtears.ca/producing-the-oil/" target="_blank">recipe here</a>.</p><h3>Cannabis Coconut Oil</h3><p>Another way to consume cannabis oil is with cannabis coconut oil.</p><p>The saturated fats in <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/coconut-oil-vs-olive-oil-study/" target="_blank">coconut oil</a> help preserve the cannabinoids, making it a more potent and effective cannabis product.</p><p>Cannabis-infused coconut oil can be used topically, consumed on its own or used as a cooking oil just like normal coconut oil. You can also put it into capsules for measured doses.</p><p>This site offers a good recipe for <a href="https://www.leafly.com/news/lifestyle/cannabis-and-coconut-oil-uses-benefits-and-a-recipe-to-make-your" target="_blank">cannabis coconut oil</a>.</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> If you're able to obtain cannabis legally, you can make your own version of cannabis oil at home. Cannabis coconut oil can also be made and consumed on its own or used topically or as a cooking oil.<br></p><h2>Should You Try Cannabis Oil?</h2><p>The benefits of CBD oil are well established, but it's possible cannabis oil could be even more effective.</p><p>The addition of THC, the compound that also gets you "high," could offer greater anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and pain-relieving effects.</p><p>Because cannabis oil uses the entire marijuana plant, there may also be some other synergetic effects involved.</p><p>However, the state of cannabis' legality has severely limited its research opportunities. Fortunately this is rapidly changing.</p><p>Early studies have found that cannabis treatment has helped patients with chronic pain, cancer, MS, AIDS and <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/fibromyalgia-and-diet/" target="_blank">fibromyalgia</a>.</p><p>As of now, cannabis oil is still difficult to obtain, and is legal for medicinal use in only 30 U.S. states. It's also not regulated, so it's hard to know how much THC you may be getting.</p><p>If you're looking for a similar and safe alternative—and one without the "high"—you may want to <a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/cbd-oil-benefits" target="_blank">seek out CBD oil first</a>.</p><p><em><a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/about" target="_blank">Stephanie</a> is a certified nutrition consultant. She graduated from the University of Iowa with degrees in journalism and psychology in 2003, and later studied holistic nutrition at Bauman College in Berkeley, California.</em></p><p><span></span> <em>Reposted with permission from our media associate </em><a href="https://www.dietvsdisease.org/cannabis-oil-cbd-oil-health-benefits/" target="_blank">Diet vs Disease</a>.</p>
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